Matatu-Dimensional akadhindwa anatomical mhando (3dpams) inoita kunge yakakodzera chishandiso nekuda kwekukosha kwavo kwedzidzo uye kugona kwavo. Chinangwa chekuongorora uku ndechekutsanangura uye kuongorora nzira dzaishandiswa kugadzira 3dpam nekudzidzisa kwehunhu hwevanhu uye kuongorora zvipo zvaro pedagogical.
Kutsvaga kwemagetsi kwakaitwa muPubriced uchishandisa mazwi anotevera: Dzidzo, kudzidza, kudzidzisa, kudhinda, kudhinda, kudhinda, anatomy, anatomy, uye anatomy . . Zviwanikwa zvaisanganisira maitiro ekudzidza, kugadzirwa kwemuenzaniso, morphological ongororo, kuita kwedzidzo, masimba uye kushaya simba.
Pakati pezvinyorwa makumi matanhatu nemasere akasarudzwa, nhamba huru yezvidzidzo yakatarisana nedunhu reCranial (33 zvinyorwa); Zvinyorwa 51 zvinotaura zvinodhinda zvinodhinda. Mune zvinyorwa 47, 37pam yakagadzirwa yakavakirwa pane yakanyorwa tomography. Maitiro mashanu ekudhinda akanyorwa. Mapurasitiki uye mahosi avo akashandiswa muzvidzidzo makumi mashanu neshanu. Imwe neimwe dhizaini yemari mumutengo kubva ku $ 1.25 kusvika $ 2,800. Makumi matatu neshanu ezvinyorwa zvinoenzaniswa 3dpam nemhando dzechokwadi. Zvinyorwa makumi matatu zvitatu zvakaongororwa zviitiko zvedzidzo. Zvakanakisa zvinobatsira uye tactile mhando, kudzidza zvakanaka, kudzokorora, kudzokorora uye kugona, kuunganidzwa kwemasangano ekutenderera kweanatomies, kuchengetwa kweruzivo uye kugutsikana kwevadzidzi / kudzidzisa kwevadzidzi. Zvinokuvadza zvikuru zvine chekuita nedunhu: Kuenderana, kushaya ruzivo kana kujeka, mavara akajeka, nguva refu yekudhinda uye mutengo wakanyanya.
Uku kuongororwa kwakarongeka kunoratidza kuti 3DPAM inodhura-inoshanda uye inoshanda pakudzidzisa anatomy. Mamwe magwaro anoona zvinhu zvinoda kushandiswa kwekuwedzera kudhura Chinhu chakakosha kusarudza nzira yakakodzera yekufungidzira. Kubva pane imwe nzvimbo pefepa rekuona, 3DPAM chishandiso chinoshanda chekudzidzisa anatomy, nekubatsira kwakanaka pane zvekudzidza uye kugutsikana. Iko kudzidzisa kwekudzidzisa kweChifam kwakanyanya kunaka kana kuchidzora kuoma kweanatomical matunhu uye vadzidzi vanoishandisa kutanga kwavo kwekurapa.
Kupararira kwematunhu emhuka kwakaitwa kubvira muGreek yekare uye ndeimwe yenzira huru dzekudzidzisa anatomy. Cadavic disstions yakaitwa panguva yekudzidzira inoshanda inoshandiswa muTheoreticalum yevadzidzi veYunivhesiti uye parizvino vanoonekwa segoridhe yekudzidza kweAnatomy [,2,3,4,4,5]. Nekudaro, kune zvakawanda zvipingamupinyi pakushandiswa kwevanhu kufungidzira kwevanhu, zvichiita kuti kutsvaga kwezvitsva zvekudzidzisa [6, 7]. Zvimwe zvezvishandiso zvitsva izvi zvinosanganisira kuwedzera chokwadi, zvishandiso zvemitambo, uye kudhinda 3D 3D. Zvinoenderana nekuongororwa kwazvino kwebhuku raSantos et al. . .
Kudhinda 3D hakusi kutsva. Iyo yekutanga Patenti inoenderana neiyi tekinoroji zuva radzoka kuna 1984: a Le méhauté, O de Witte uye JC André mu Hull muUSA. Kubva ipapo, tekinoroji yakapfuurira kusvika uye kushandiswa kwayo kwakawedzera munzvimbo zhinji. Semuenzaniso, NASA yakadhindisa chinhu chekutanga chinopfuura napasi muna 2014 [11]. Iyo munda wekurapa yakatangawo chishandiso chitsva ichi, nekudaro zvichikura chishuvo chekuvandudza mushonga wakasimba [12].
Vanyori vazhinji vakaratidza zvakanakira kushandisa 3D vakadhindwa aratomical Models (3DPAM) muchidzitiro chekurapa [10, 13, 14, 17, 17, 18, 19]. Kana uchidzidzisa anatomy yevanhu, isiri-pathological uye yemhando yemhando yakajairika inodiwa. Mamwe ongororo akaongorora pathological kana ekurapa / kuvhiyiwa mameseji [8, 20, 21]. Kuti tikudziridze muenzaniso wekudzidzisa vanhu vanosanganisira zvishandiso zvitsva zvakadai sekudhindwa kwezvitsva zvakadai sekunyora zvakarongeka, kuti zvinhu zvinodhindwa zvekudzidzisa vanhu uye kuti vadzidzi vanoongorora sei kushanda kwekudzidza uchishandisa izvi zvinhu zve 3D.
Uku kuongororwa kwemabhuku etsamba iyi kwakaitwa munaJune 2022 uchishandisa Prisma (inodiwa yekutaura zvinhu zvemigadziriso yehurongwa uye meta-anoongorora) zviitwe zvisingarambidzo nguva.
Kusanganisa maitiro ese aive mapepa ekutsvagisa achishandisa 3dpam mune anatomy kudzidzisa / kudzidza. Zvinyorwa Zvidimbu, mavara, kana zvinyorwa zvinotarisa pamhando dzechipamba, mhando dzemhuka, mhando dzekuchera matongo, uye zvekurapa / zvekuvandudza mimhanzi yakadzivirirwa. Zvinyorwa chete zvakabudiswa muChirungu zvakasarudzwa. Zvinyorwa pasina kuwanikwa online online abstracts akasiyiwa kunze. Zvinyorwa zvaisanganisira akawanda emhando, kana imwe yeiyo yaive yemanyorero yakajairika kana kuti yaive nedhodhi diki isiri kukanganisa kukosha kwekudzidzisa, zvakabatanidzwa.
Kutsvaga kwemabhuku kwakaitwa muDatabase yemagetsi yakanyorwa Dimensional, 3D, 3D, kudhinda, kudhinda, kudhinda, anatomy, anatomy, anatomy naAnatomy. Mubvunzo mumwechete wakaurayiwa: (((zita)] Dzidzo [Musoro / Abstract]) uye (matatu zviyero [zita] ]] / / bvisa] kana anatomy [zita / abstract] Zvinyorwa zvekuwedzera zvakaonekwa nekutsvaga kwemanyoka Hapana zvidhinari zvinoiswa, asi munhu "wefaera akashandiswa.
Zvese zvakadzoserwa mazita uye zvisingaenzaniswi zvakanangana nekubatanidzwa uye kusarudzika maitiro nevanyori vaviri (EBR uye AL), uye chero kudzidza kusasangana neyekugovana maitiro. Zvinyorwa zvizere-zvinyorwa zvezvidzidzo zvakasara zvakadzoserwa uye kuongororwa nevanyori vatatu (EBR, EBE uye AL). Kana zvichidikanwa, kusawirirana mukusarudzwa kwezvinyorwa kwakagadziriswa nemunhu wechina (lt). Mabhuku akasangana neese maisimudziro maitiro akaiswa mune ino ongororo.
Data Extraction yakaitwa yakazvimiririra nevanyori vaviri (EBR uye AL) pasi pekutarisirwa kwemunyori wechitatu (lt).
- Model dhizaini data: yakatarwa matunhu, maitiro ekutanga ekudhinda 3D kudhinda, kufungidzira software, yerudzi rwemhando, kuwanda, kudhinda, kuridza mhere, kuridza mari, kudhinda.
- Morphological ongororo yemhando: Models inoshandiswa pakuenzanisa, yekuongororwa kwekurapa kweanenge nyanzvi / vadzidzisi, nhamba yevanoongorora, mhando yekuongorora.
- Kudzidzisa 3D Model: Ongororo yeRuzivo rweMudzidzi, Nzira yekuongorora, nhamba yevadzidzi, nhamba yekuenzanisa mapoka, kusarudzika kwevadzidzi, dzidzo / mhando yemudzidzi.
418 Zvidzidzo zvakazivikanwa muMidline, uye zvinyorwa gumi nezvitanhatu zvino zvakasarudzika ne "firita" yevanhu. Mushure mekuongorora mazita uye abstracts, zvidzidzo gumi neshanu zvakasarudzwa kuti zvive zvakakwana-zvinyorwa. Zvinyorwa zvacho zvakabviswa nekuti zvaive zvidzidzo zvevatengesi (9 zvinyorwa), zvinyorwa zvekurapa), mhando dzemhuka (4 zvinyorwa), 3d radiological (1 chinyorwa) ). Zvinyorwa makumi matanhatu nenomwe zvakasanganiswa mukuongorora. Mufananidzo 1 unopa iyo yekusarudza maitiro seyakayerera chati.
Chati inoyerera ichipfupisa chiratidzo, kuongorora, uye kusanganisa zvinyorwa mune ino idzokorora
Zvese zvidzidzo zvakaburitswa pakati pe2422, neavhareji yegore regore ra19009. Pakati pezvinyorwa makumi matanhatu neshanu zvaisanganisira zvinyorwa, 33 (25%) kuyedza. Zvakachena zvinotsanangurwa. Of 50 (73%) Ongororo yezvidzidzo, 21 (31%) yakashandiswa nekuziva. Chete 34 Zvidzidzo (50%) zvinosanganisira kuongororwa kwehuwandu. Tafura 1 inopfupisa maitiro ezvidzidzo zvega.
Zvinyorwa makumi matatu neshanu (48%) Akanyatsoongorora Dunhu Remusoro, Zvinyorwa 19%) Akaongorora Dunhu reToracic, Makumi mashanu-ezvinyorwa (75%) zvakataurwa
Nezve maFours Models kana mafaera anoshandiswa kukudziridza 3dpam, 23%) akataura nezvekushandiswa kwedata remurwere, makumi maviri neshanu Shandisa, uye 7 zvidzidzo (10%) hazvina kuburitsa kupihwa kwezvinhu zvemagwaro zvinoshandiswa.
47 Zvidzidzo (69%) akagadziridzwa 3dpam zvichibva pane computed tomography, uye 3 zvidzidzo (4%) akataura kushandiswa kweMicroct. Zvinyorwa zve7 (10%) Taura 14 zvinyorwa (21%) hazvina kutaura zvinobva ye3D modhi dhizaini mafaira mafaira. Mafaera 3D anogadzirwa neavhareji spatial resolution isingasviki 0.5 mm. Iyo yekugadzirisa yakakwana ndeye 30 μm [80] uye iyo huru kugadzirisa ndeye 1.5 mm [32].
Makumi matanhatu akasiyana software application (chikamu, modelling, dhizaini kana kudhinda) yakashandiswa. Mimics (One Ziviso, Leuven, Belgium) kazhinji (14%), Autodesk, San Rafael, CA), GeomaGic (MO, NC, Leesville) . (10 fundo, 15%), (7 Zvidzidzo, 10%).
Makumi matanhatu-manomwe emhando dzemhando dzekudhinda uye maitiro mashanu ekudhinda anotaurwa. FDM (Yakasarudzika Mari yekufungidzira) Izvo zvishoma zvinoshandiswa tekinoroji ndeye stereolithography (SlA) (zvinyorwa zvishanu, 7%) uye kusarudza laser kutadza (SLS) (4 zvinyorwa, 6%). Iyo inowanzo shandiswa printer
Paunenge uchitsanangura izvo zvinoshandiswa kugadzira 301 (51 zvinyorwa, 75%), zvidzidzo makumi mana neshanu (71%) zvinoshandiswa mapurasitiki uye zvavakaita. Izvo zvinhu zvikuru zvinoshandiswa zvaive (Polylactic acid) (n = 20, 29%), resin (n = 9, 14, 23 Zvinyorwa (34%) Kuongororwa 3DPAM yakagadzirwa kubva kuzvinhu zvakawanda, makumi mana neshanu
Makumi maviri nenomwe zvinyorwa (43%) akataura kudhinda ratios kubva pa0.25: 1 kusvika 2: 1, neavhareji ye1: 1. Zvinyorwa makumi maviri neshanu (37%) akashandisa 1: 1 ratio. 28 31%) yaisanganisira akawanda mavara, uye 9 (13%) yakavezwa mushure mekudhinda [43, 46, 49, 54, 68, 79, 75].
Makumi matatu nenhatu zvinyorwa (50%) zvakataurwa mitengo. Zvinyorwa gumi neshanu (13%) zvakataurwa mutengo we39 maprinta uye zvishandiso. Printainters inoenderana nemutengo kubva kumadhora makumi matatu nemashanu kusvika pamadhora mazana matanhatu nemakumi mashanu. Kana zvataurwa, mitengo yemuenzaniso inotanga kubva kumadhora 1.25 kusvika pamadhora mazana maviri nemakumi masere; Aya anonyanyisa anoenderana nekufungidzira kufungidzira [47] uye yakakwira-kutendeka kwekutarisa mitezo [48]. Tafura 2 inopfupisa iyo yemienzaniso yedata yega yega yaisanganisira kudzidza.
Makumi matatu nenomwe zvidzidzo (54%) zvichienzaniswa nedapm kune rondedzero yemuenzaniso. Pakati pezvidzidzo izvi, zvakanyanya kufananidza yaive chiratidzo chechiratidzo cheanatomical, anoshandiswa mune gumi nematatu zvinyorwa (38%), gadziriro dzakagadziriswa muzvinyorwa zvitanhatu (16%), uye gadziriro dzakasarudzika muzvinyorwa zvitanhatu (16%). Kushandisa kwechokwadi, kuenzanisa tomography kufungidzira imwe chete mune 5 zvinyorwa (14%), imwe 3%), radiographs muchinyorwa 1 (3%), mienzaniso), mienzaniso yemhando mukati 1 Chinyorwa (3%) uye chakave chakave chechokwadi muchinyorwa 1 (3%). Makumi matatu nemana (50%) zvidzidzo zvakaongororwa 3dpam. Gumi neshanu (48%) zvidzidzo zvakadzama zvakatsanangurwa zvevakaitika (Tafura 3). 3dpam yakaitwa nevanovhiya kana kuenda kurapwa mu7 zvidzidzo (47%), Anatomical Specialists mu6 Zvidzidzo (40%), Vadzidzisi (Vadzidzisi) muzvidzidzo zviviri (20%) yekuongorora uye imwezve imwe ongororo mune chinyorwa (7%). Iyo avhareji nhamba yevaongorori ndeye 14 (Minimum 2, Maximum 30). Makumi matatu nematatu zvidzidzo (49%) anoongororwa Yezvidzidzo makumi matatu nezvishanu zvaishandiswa ongororo yekunyora, Tafura 3 inopfupisa ongororo yemhando yemhando mune yega yaisanganisira kudzidza.
Makumi matatu nematatu (48%) zvinyorwa zvakaongororwa uye zvichienzaniswa nekubudirira kwedzidziso 3DPAM kuvadzidzi. Zvidzidzo izvi, 23 (70%) zvinyorwa zvakaongororwa kugutsikana kwevadzidzi, 17 (51%) yakashandiswa kufungidzira zviyero, uye 6 (18 (18%) yakashandisa dzimwe nzira. Zvinyorwa makumi maviri nemaviri Eleven zvidzidzo (33%) akashandisa mibvunzo yakawanda-sarudzo uye bvunzo kuti uongorore ruzivo rwevadzidzi, uye zvishanu zvidzidzo (15%) akashandisa chiratidzo chechifananidzo. Avhareji yevadzidzi makumi manomwe nenomwe vakatora chikamu mune yega yega kudzidza (shoma 8, yakakwira 319). Makumi maviri neshanu (72%) vaive neboka rekutonga, iro regumi (60%) rakashandisa rateni. Mukupesana, gadziriso imwe (3%) yakasarudzika yakapihwa ashomical mhando kune gumi vadzidzi vakasiyana. Paavhareji, mapoka 2,6 akafananidzwa (mashoma 2, Maximum 10). Makumi maviri nenhatu zvidzidzo (70%) zvaisanganisira vadzidzi vekurapa, idzo 14 (42%) vaive vadzidzi vekurapa vekurapa. Zvitanhatu (18%) zvidzidzo zvakaita vagari, 4 (12%) vadzidzi vanonaya mazino, uye 3 (9%) vadzidzi veSainzi. Zvitanhatu zvidzidzo (18%) zvakaitwa uye zvakaongororwa zvekudzidza uchishandisa 3DPAM. Tafura 4 inopfupisa mhedzisiro ye 3DPAM kudzidzisa kwekunyatsoongorora kweumwe neumwe waisanganisira kudzidza.
Zvakanakisa zvekushandisa 3dpam sechinhu chekudzidzisa nekudzidzisa zvakajairika munhu anonzi Anatomy Hunhu hweVanyori uye kusanganisira realism. . . 27, 41, 44, 55, 60, 84, 83, 83], Kubereka [80], 61, 67, 80], kugona kwekudzidzisa vadzidzi [61], kusara kwekuchengetedza [61], kugona kubatanidza inoshanda anatomy kana kugadzira zvivakwa [51, 53], 67] 25, 63] Uye kugutsikana kwevadzidzi [25, 63]. 45, 46, 52, 52, 57, 67, 66, 69, 84].
Zvinokuvadza zvikuru zvine chekuita nedunhu: Kuomarara [80], kuwirirana [80] uye kushoma kwevhu [71]. Zvimwe zvakashata zvinosanganisira kurasikirwa kweruzivo [30, 76], nguva yakareba inodiwa nekuda kwemufananidzo (56, 52, 58, 78], ichidhinda nguva [57, 6], uye mutengo. Kukwirira [48].
Uku kuongororwa kwakarongeka kunopfupisa 68 zvinyorwa zvakaburitswa pamusoro pemakore 9 uye kunosimbisa kufarira kwenharaunda yesainzi mune yezasi sechishandiso chekudzidzisa zvakajairika munhu anatomy. Dunhu rega rega reanatomical rakadzidzwa uye 3d rakadhindwa. Nezvinyorwa izvi, 37 zvinyorwa zvinoenzaniswa 3dpam nevamwe mamhando, uye makumi matatu nematanhatu akaongorora kukosha kwepagegical yed 37 yedpam yevadzidzi.
Kupiwa mutsauko mukugadzirwa kweAnatomals 3D kudhinda zvidzidzo, isu hatina kuzviona sezvakakodzera kuitisa meta-kuongorora. A meta-kuongororwa kwakaburitswa muna 2020 kunyanya kutarisa pane anatomical ruzivo bvunzo mushure mekudzidziswa pasina kuongorora maitiro ehunyanzvi uye tekinoroji ekugadzirwa kwedhodhi uye kugadzirwa [10].
Nzvimbo yemusoro inonyanya kudzidza, pamwe nekuti kuoma kweiyo anatomy kwayo kunoita kuti zviome zvakanyanya kune vadzidzi kuti vatore nzvimbo iyi mune matatu-dimensional nzvimbo inoenzaniswa nemakumbo kana torso. CT ndeyekuwanzoitika zvakanyanya kushandiswa kufungidzira kwega. Iyi nzira inoshandiswa zvakanyanya, kunyanya mumarongedzo ekurapa, asi ine mashoma spatial resolution uye yakaderera nyoro tishu zvakasiyana. Aya macomputer anoita ct scans asingatenderi seganho uye kuenzanisira kwehurongwa hwetsinga. Kune rimwe divi, computt tomography iri nani kukodzera kune pfupa tishu segmentation / modeling; Pfupa / nyoro nyoro kusiyanisa inobatsira kuti upedze nhanho idzi pamberi pe3D kudhinda eremel mhando. Kune rimwe divi, microct inoonekwa seinonongedzera tekinoroji maererano nekugadziriswa kwespatial mukufungidzira [70]. Optical scanners kana MRI inogona zvakare kushandiswa kuwana mifananidzo. Kugadziriswa kwepamusoro kunodzivirira kutsvedza kwemapfupa uye kunochengetedza kusanzwisisika kwezvirongwa zvechimiro [59]. Sarudzo yemhando yacho zvakare inokanganisawo spatial resolution: semuenzaniso, mhando dzemapurasitiki ine reti resolution gadziriso [45]. Graphic Vagadziri vanofanirwa kugadzira tsika 3D mhando, iyo inowedzera mutengo (madhora makumi maviri nemashanu kusvika pamadhora zana neawa) [43]. Kuwana yakakwirira-mhando Izvo zvinodikanwa kuti uone kudhinda paramita, sekureva kwemhando yemhando yemhando pane yekudhinda ndiro [29]. Vamwe vanyori vanofunga kuti tekinoroji yekudhinda yakadai seSLS inofanira kushandiswa pese pazvinogone kuvandudza kurongeka kwed 38]. Kugadzirwa kwed 3dpam kunoda rubatsiro rwehunyanzvi; Inyanzvi inonyatsotsvaga mainjiniya emainjiniya [72], radiologists, [75], Graphic magadziri [43] uye Anatomists [75, 51, 57, 76, 77].
Segmentation uye modelling software zvakakosha zvinhu mukuwana mavara ezvinyorwa zvakaringana, asi mutengo weiyi software mapakeji uye kuoma kwavo kunotadzisa kushandiswa kwavo. Zvidzidzo zvakati wandei zvakafananidza kushandiswa kwemapaketi akasiyana eSoftware uye kudhinda matekinoroji, zvichiratidza zvakanakira uye zvakashata zvehunyanzvi hwega kwega tekinoroji [68]. Pamusoro pekutungamira software, kudhinda software inoenderana neiyo printer yakasarudzwa inodiwawo; Vamwe vanyori vanofarira kushandisa online 3d kudhinda [75]. Kana zvinhu zvakaringana 3D zvinhu zvinodhindwa, iyo mari inogona kutungamira kumari inodzoka [72].
Purasitiki ndeyekuwanzoitwa zvinhu zvinonyanya kushandiswa. Yayo yakakura mhando yemavara uye mavara inoita kuti ive iyo zvinyorwa zvesarudzo yedpam. Vamwe vanyori vakarumbidza simba rayo rakakwirira rakafanana neyechinyakare cadiveric kana kuti akaiswa mhando [24, 56, 73]. Dzimwe mapurasitiki dzive dzakakotama kana kutambanudza zvivakwa. Semuenzaniso, filflex ine FDM tekinoroji inogona kutambanudza kusvika 700%. Vamwe vanyori vanozviona sezviri zvinyorwa zvekusarudza tsandanyama, Tendon neRegamende kuongorora [63]. Kune rimwe divi, zvidzidzo zviviri zvakamutsidzira mibvunzo nezve fiber kutarisisa panguva yekudhinda. Muchokwadi, tsandanyama yechigaro chekusimudzira, kuiswa, kuchafanana, uye basa zvinokosheswa mumutsipa wemusuru [33].
Zvinoshamisa kuti, vashoma zvidzidzo zvinotaura huwandu hwekudhinda. Sezvo vanhu vazhinji vanofunga nezve1: 1 chiyero chekuva chiyero, munyori anogona kunge akasarudza kusasarudza kutaura nezvazvo. Kunyangwe zvichikwira zvingabatsira kudzidza kurairwa mumapoka makuru, kutadza kwekuputika hakusati kuchitsvakwa, kunyanya nekukura kwekirasi uye kukura kwemuviri kuve chinhu chakakosha. Ehe, zviyero zvizere zvizere zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kuwana uye kutaurirana zvakasiyana-siyana zvinhu zvemurwere, izvo zvinogona kutsanangura kuti nei vachiwanzo shandiswa.
Kune vazhinji vanodhinda vanowanikwa pamusika, izvo zvinoshandiswa polyjet (zvinyorwa zveSkjet kana Binder Inkjet) Tekinoroji yekupa-madhora /www.aniwa.com/). Iyi mutengo wakakwira inogona kudzikamisa kusimudzira kwed 3dpam mune zvikoro zvekurapa. Pamusoro pemubhadharo wemuchinda, mutengo wezvishandiso zvinodiwa kuti inkjet kudhinda kwakakwirira kupfuura kuSlas kana FDM Printers [68]. Mitengo yeSal kana FDM Printers zvakare inodhura, kubva ku € 576 kusvika € 4,999 mune zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa mune ino ongororo. Sekureva kweThepoti uye vatinoshanda navo, chikamu chimwe nechimwe chechipfuva chinogona kudhindwa kweUS $ 1.25 [47]. Eleven studies concluded that 3D printing is cheaper than plasticization or commercial models [24, 27, 41, 44, 45, 48, 51, 60, 63, 80, 81, 83]. Uyezve, aya marudzi ekutengeserana akagadzirirwa kupa ruzivo rwemurwere pasina ruzivo rwakakwana rwekudzidzisa enzyomy. Aya mabhegi ekutengeserana anoonekwa seakaderera kune 34]. Zvakakosha kucherechedza izvozvo, kuwedzera kune tekinoroji yekudhinda inoshandiswa, mutengo wekupedzisira unoenderana nehukuru uye saka saizi yekupedzisira yed 38]. Nezvikonzero izvi, chiyero chizere chinodiwa [37].
Chete chidzidzo chimwe chete chinoenzaniswa 3dpam ine zvekutengesa zviratidzo zvemhando yepamusoro [72]. Cadaveric samples ndiyo inowanzo kushandiswa kuenzanisa kweChigama. Pasinei nezvavaisakwanisa kuita, mhando dzemhando dzeCadavic dzinoramba dzichiita chishandiso chakakosha pakudzidzisa anatomy. Kusiyanisa kunofanirwa kuitwa pakati pemotokari, kuparadzaniswa uye kuoma pfupa. Zvichienderana nemiedzo yekudzidzisa, zvidzidzo zviviri zvakaratidza kuti 3dpam zvaive zvakanyanya kushanda kupfuura kuparadzira kupurudzirwa kwepasi [16, 27]. Imwe ongororo yakafananidzwa neawa imwe yekudzidziswa uchishandisa 3DPAM (yakadzika mhedziso) neawa imwe yekuparadzaniswa kwenzvimbo imwechete [78]. Pakanga pasina mutsauko wakakosha pakati penzira mbiri dzekudzidzisa. Zvinogona kuitika kuti kune kushoma kutsvagisa pachinhu ichi nekuti kuenzanisa kwakadaro kwakaoma kuita. Dissection ndiyo yekugadzirira nguva yekugadzirira kwevadzidzi. Dzimwe nguva akawanda maawa ekugadzirira anodikanwa, zvichienderana nezviri kugadzirira. Kuenzanisa kwechitatu kunogona kuitwa nemapfupa akaoma. Chidzidzo naTsai naSmith vakaona kuti zviyero zvekuedza zvaive zviri nani muboka uchishandisa 301, 63]. Chen nevanoshanda navo vakacherekedza kuti vadzidzi vashandise 3D Models vaiita zviri nani pane zvivakwa (svutugadzike), asi pakanga pasina mutsauko muMCQ Scores [69]. Pakupedzisira, Tanner nevatinoshanda navo vakaratidza zvirinani post-bvunzo mhedzisiro muboka iri uchishandisa 327 yePrtergpalatine FOSSA [46]. Zvimwe zvishandiso zvitsva zvekudzidzisa zvakazivikanwa mukuongororwa kwemabhuku aya. Izvo zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa pakati pavo zvinowedzeredzwa chokwadi, chaiye chaihwo uye mitambo yakakomba [43]. Sekureva kweMaraus uye vaunoshanda navo, zvavanofarira zvemhando yemhando yemhando dzinoenderana nehuwandu hwemaawa vadzidzi vanotamba mitambo yemavhidhiyo. Kune rimwe divi, iyo huru yekubvisa zvishandiso zvitsva zveAnatomy zvishandiso zvisinga tsanangudzo, kunyanya kune zvishandiso zvakachena [48].
Zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvinotarisisa iyo itsva 3dpam yakashandisa kunyepedzera ruzivo. Aya anonakidza anobatsira kudzivirira kusarura muongororo. Vamwe vanyori, vasati vaita zvidzidzo zvekuyedza, kunze kwevadzidzi vese vakarova pamusoro pevhareji pane yekutanga bvunzo [40]. Pakati pevashandisi veGaras nevanoshanda navo vataurwa yaive ruvara rwemuenzaniso uye kusarudzwa kwevazvipiri mukirasi yevadzidzi [61]. Kufambisa kufambisa chiratidzo chechimiro chenyomtical. Chen nevamwe vatinoshanda vanoshandurwa zvakawandisa zvisina kujairika vasina misiyano yekutanga pakati pemapoka uye kudzidza kwacho kwakapofumadzwa kusvika pakukwanisika. LIM nevatinoshanda navo vanokurudzira kuti iyo post-bvunzo yekuongorora ichipedzwa neyechitatu kuti udzivise kusarura muongororo [16]. Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakashandisa zviyero zvekufungidzira kuti uongorore kutadza kwed 37. Ichi chiridzwa chakakodzera kuongorora kugutsikana, asi kuchine kusarudzika kwakakosha kuti uzive [86].
Kukwira kwedzidzo kwedpam kwainyanya kuongororwa pakati pevadzidzi vekurapa, kusanganisira vadzidzi vekurapa vekare vekurapa, muna 14 of 33 zvidzidzo. Mukufunda kwavo 87% yevadzidzi vakaongororwa muCercelli kudzidza vakatenda kuti gore repiri rekudzidza raive nguva yakanakisa yekushandisa 32]. Mhedzisiro yematangi uye maunoshanda navo airatidzawo kuti vadzidzi vakaita zvirinani kana vasati vambodzidza munda [46]. Iyi data inoratidza kuti gore rekutanga rechikoro chekurapa ndiyo nguva yakakwana yekubatanidza 3dpam mukudzidzisa kwe anatomy. Wainwa meta-kuongorora kwakatsigira zano iri [18]. Mhiriza 27 dzakabatanidzwa muchidzidzo, kwaive nemisiyano yakakosha mukuita kweChpam yakafanana nemhando dzechinyakare muvadzidzi vekurapa, asi kwete mumaguta.
3DPAM as a learning tool improves academic achievement [16, 35, 39, 52, 57, 63, 69, 79], long-term knowledge retention [32], and student satisfaction [25, 45, 46, 52, 57, 63 , 66]. , 69, 84]. Panels of nyanzvi zvakare dzakawana kuti aya marudzi anobatsira [37, 42, 49, 81, 82], uye maviri zvidzidzo zvakawana kugutsikana kwemudzidzisi na 35, 63]. Ofese masosi, kumashure uye vatinoshanda navo vanofunga nezvekudhinda kwe3D kuti ive yakanakisa imwe nzira kune yechinyakare yemhando yemidziyo yemhando yepamusoro. Mune yavo yekutanga meta-kuongorora, iwe nevanoshanda navo vakasimbisa kuti vadzidzi vakagamuchira mirayiridzo yedpam yaive nani post-bvunzo zviyero kupfuura vadzidzi vakagamuchira 2d kana mairairo [10]. Nekudaro, ivo vakasiyanisa 3dpam kwete nekuoma kunzwisisa, asi nemoyo chete, tsika, uye mudumbu. Muzvidzidzo zvinomwe, 3dpam haana kupera mamwe marudzi anoenderana nekuongororwa kwezivo kunopihwa vadzidzi [32, 69, 77, 78, 88]. Mune yavo meta-kuongorora, salazar nevamwe vaishanda navo vakagumisa kuti kushandiswa kweChifam zvakananga kunonzwisisika kunzwisisika kweanatomy aunatomy [17]. Pfungwa iyi inoenderana netsamba yeHitas kune mupepeti [88]. Dzimwe dzenzvimbo dzedzimhosva dzinotariswa dzisina kuoma hazvidi kushandiswa kweChifam Pfungwa iyi inogona kutsanangura kuti nei imwe 3fpams isingafungidzirwe nemhando yepamusoro mhando, kunyanya kana vadzidzi vasina ruzivo mumatoma anowanikwa kuti ave mukuru. Nekudaro, kuratidza muenzaniso wakareruka kune vadzidzi avo vatove neruzivo rwechinyorwa (vadzidzi vekurapa kana vagari) haribatsiri mukuvandudza mashandiro evadzidzi.
Pane zvese zvinobatsira zvedzidzo, zvidzidzo 11 zvidzidzo zvakaratidza hunhu hwekuona , 50 -52, 63, 79, 85, 86). Zvimwe zvakanakira kuti vadzidzi vanogona kushandisa zvivakwa, ivo vari nyore kuchengetedza nguva, purojekiti yacho inogona kuzadzikiswa mukati memaawa makumi maviri nemana, inogona kushandiswa pachishandiso chemba, uye inogona kushandiswa kudzidzisa huwandu hukuru yeruzivo. Mapoka [30, 49, 60, 61, 80, 81]. Kudzokororwa Iko kushandiswa kweChampam kunogona kunatsiridza kutenderera kwepfungwa kwekutenderera [23] uye kugadzirisa kududzirwa kwemifananidzo yemuchinjiko-23, 32]. Zvidzidzo zviviri zvakaona kuti vadzidzi vakafumurwa nezana kusvika pakuvhiyiwa [40, 74]. Kubatana kwesimbi kunogona kuiswa kuti ugadzire kufamba kunodiwa kuti udzidze kudzidza zvinoshanda [51, 53], kana mhando dzinogona kudhindwa uchishandisa trigger magadzirirwo [67].
Kudhinda 3D kunobvumira kusikwa kwemhando dzinogadziriswa dzenyama nekuvandudza zvimwe zviitiko, kugadzira zvimwe zvemukati zvivakwa zvinoonekwa [30]. Tripodo uye vatinoshanda navo vakashandisa kuvhuvhuta kuti vapedze yavo 3D yakadhindwa mapfupa emapfupa, vachisimbisa kukosha kwemhando dzeCo-yakagadzirirwa kuita zvishandiso zvekudzidzisa [47]. Mune 9 zvidzidzo, ruvara rwakaiswa mushure mekudhinda [43, 46, 49, 54, 58, 69, 75], asi vadzidzi vaishandisa kamwe chete [49], Nehurombo, kudzidza kwacho hakuna kuongorora kunaka kwemhando yekudzidziswa kwemuenzaniso kana kutevedzana kwekudzidziswa. Izvi zvinofanirwa kutariswa muchinyorwa chedzidzo yeAnatomy, seyakanakira kudzidza nekudzidza uye CO-kusikwa kwakasimbiswa [89]. Kuti utsungirire nebasa rinokura rekushambadzira, kuzvidzidza pachako kwakashandiswa kakawanda kuongorora mhando [24, 26, 27, 32, 46, 69, 82].
Imwe ongororo yakagumisa kuti ruvara rwezvinyorwa zvepurasitiki rwakanga rwakajeka [45], chimwe chidzidzo chakagumisa kuti muenzaniso waive wakanyanya [71], uye nezvimwewo zviviri zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kushaikwa kweatomical mugadziriro yemhando imwe neimwe [25, 45 ]. . Zvidzidzo zvinomwe zvakagumisa kuti chiratidzo chechinyorwa cheChpam hachina kukwana [28, 34, 45, 48, 62, 63, 81].
Kuti uwane mamwe marudzi ese ematunhu enzvimbo dzakakura uye dzakafanana nedunhu rakaoma, sechibereko, chikamu chekumwedza chinofungidzirwa kwenguva refu uye mutengo wakakwira kwazvo (nezveUS $ 2000) [27, 48]. Hojo nevanoshanda navo vakashuma mukudzidza kwavo kuti kusikwa kwemhando yeAnatomical yePelvis kwakatora maawa makumi mana [42]. Nguva refu yekukuvara kwayo yaive maawa makumi matatu nemasere mune yekudzidza neWeathererall uye nevamwe vatinoshanda navo, madzinza akawanda akasanganiswa kuti agadzire iyo yakazara pediatric. Muzvidzidzo zvipfumbamwe, kutaurirana uye nguva yekudhinda kwainzi kwakashata [36, 42, 57, 58, 74]. Nekudaro, zvidzidzo gumi nevaviri zvinoshoropodza zvivakwa zvemhando dzazvo, kunyanya kusakwana kwavo, kushaikwa kwehupamhi hwenyika, 34]. , 45, 48, 62, 83]. Zvino njodzi idzi dzinogona kukurirwa nekuwedzera chikamu kana nguva yekufungidzira. Kurasikirwa uye kudzorera ruzivo rwakakodzera yaive dambudziko rakatarisana nezvikwata zvitatu [30, 74, 77]. Maererano nemararami Mishumo, Iodinated musiyano vamiririri havana kupa zvakaringana kusarongeka kwekuonekwa nekuda kweDESO Passations [74]. Jekiseni remhando yeCaraveic inoita kunge inzira yakakodzera iyo inoenda kure neiyo pfungwa ye "Zvishoma sezvinobvira" uye zvisingakwanisi kuita dhiini yekusiyanisa mumiriri.
Nehurombo, zvinyorwa zvakawanda hazvitaure zvimwe zvakakosha zve 3DPAM. Isingasviki hafu yezvinyorwa zvakajeka zvakataurwa kuti yavo 3dpam yakatwasuka. Kufukidzwa kweiyo chiyero chekudhinda kwaive kusapindirana (43% yezvinyorwa), uye chete 34% vakataura kushandiswa kwenhau dzakawanda. Iyi paramende yekudhinda inokoshesa nekuti ivo vanofurira zvivakwa zvekudzidza zve 3DPAM. Zvinyorwa Zvakawanda hazvipe Ruzivo rwakakwana pamusoro pezvakakwana zvekuwana 3DPAM (Design nguva, vashandi vearchidziro, mitengo ye software, kudhinda mari, nezvimwewo). Ruzivo urwu rwakakosha uye runofanira kutariswa usati wafunga kutanga chirongwa chekuvandudza itsva 3dpam.
Uku kuongorora kwakarongeka kunoratidza kuti kuronga uye 3D kudhinda zvakajairika amiroti emhando inogoneka pamutengo wakaderera, kunyanya kana uchishandisa FDM kana SLEP inopisika imwechete-mavara epurasitiki. Nekudaro, aya maumbirwo aya anogona kuvandudzwa nekuwedzera ruvara kana kuwedzera zvigadzirwa mune zvakasiyana zvinhu. Mazhinji mwero wenguva dzose (akadhindwa uchishandisa mavara akawanda emavara akasiyana uye mavara kuti anyatsoongorora hunhu hwemhando yeCadever Reference) Izvi zvichawedzera zvakanyanya mutengo wose. Hazvina mhosva kuti ndeipi nzira yekudhinda inosarudzwa, kusarudza nzira yakakodzera yekufungidzira ndiyo kiyi yekubudirira kwa 3dpam. Iyo yakakwira iyo spatial resolution, iyo yakawandisa iyo muenzaniso unova uye inogona kushandiswa pakutsvaga kwepamberi. Kubva pane imwe nzvimbo pefanogari yekuona, Iko kudzidzisa kwekudzidzisa kweChifam kwakanyanya kunaka kana kuchidzora kuoma kweanatomical matunhu uye vadzidzi vanoishandisa kutanga kwavo kwekurapa.
Iyo Datasets yakagadzirwa uye / kana kuongororwa muzvidzidzo zvazvino hazviwanikwe pachena nekuda kwezvipingamupinyi zvemitauro asi zviripo kubva kumunyori anoenderana nechikumbiro chine musoro.
Drake rl, lowry dj, pruitt cm. Ongororo yeiyo aratomy, microanatomy, neurobiology, uye echiEmology kosi muUS yekurapa chikoro crriculula. Anat Rec. 2002; 269 (2): 118-22.
GHOSE SK CDAVERIC DISTECICY SEZVIMBO YEMADZIDZO yeAnatomical Science muCenttember: dissection sechidzitiro chedzidzo. Kuongororwa kwedzidzo yesainzi. 2017; 10 (3): 286-99.
Kutumira Nguva: Nov-13-2023