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Kudzidza kukosha kwekudzidza kwakavakirwa pazviitiko (CBL) pamwe chete nekudzidza kwekutapurirana, kudzidza kwakanangana, kuongorora kwekutanga, kudzidza kwekubatanidzwa, modhi yekuongorora nekupfupisa (BOPPPS) mukudzidzisa vadzidzi vedhigirii remasters mukuvhiyiwa kwemuromo nepamaxillofacial. Kubva muna Ndira kusvika Zvita 2022, vadzidzi makumi matatu nevasere vegore rechipiri nerechitatu vedhigirii remasters mukuvhiyiwa kwemuromo nepamaxillofacial vakatorwa sevanhu vekutsvagisa uye vakakamurwa zvisina tsarukano muboka rekudzidzisa retsika reLBL (Learn-based Learning) (vanhu 19) neboka rekudzidzisa reCBL pamwe chete neMOPPPS modhi (vanhu 19). Mushure mekudzidziswa, ruzivo rwedzidziso rwevadzidzi rwakaongororwa, uye chikero cheMini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise (Mini-CEX) chakagadziriswa chakashandiswa kuongorora kufunga kwevadzidzi kwekiriniki. Panguva imwe chete, kushanda kwevadzidzi pakudzidzisa uye pfungwa yemudzidzisi yekudzidzisa (TSTE) zvakaongororwa, uye kugutsikana kwevadzidzi nemigumisiro yekudzidza kwakaongororwa. Ruzivo rwekutanga rwedzidziso, kuongorora nyaya dzekiriniki uye mamakisi ese eboka rekuyedza zvaive zviri nani pane zveboka rekutonga, uye musiyano wacho waive wakakosha muhuwandu hwehuwandu (P < 0.05). Chiyero cheMini-CEX chekufunga zvakadzama mukiriniki chakagadziriswa chakaratidza kuti kunze kwedanho rekunyora nhoroondo yenyaya, pakanga pasina musiyano wehuwandu hwehuwandu (P > 0.05), zvimwe zvinhu zvina uye mamakisi ese eboka rekuyedza zvaive zviri nani pane zveboka rekutonga, uye musiyano wacho waive wakakosha muhuwandu hwehuwandu (P < 0.05). Kubudirira kwekudzidzisa kwemunhu, TSTE uye mamakisi ese zvaive zvakakwirira kupfuura izvo zvisati zvaitika CBL zvakabatana neBOPPPS teaching mode, uye musiyano wacho waive wakakosha muhuwandu hwehuwandu (P < 0.05). Vadzidzi vedhigirii remaster vakatorwa muboka rekuyedza vaidavira kuti nzira itsva yekudzidzisa inogona kuvandudza kugona kwevadzidzi kufunga zvakadzama mukiriniki, uye musiyano muzvinhu zvese waive wakakosha muhuwandu hwehuwandu (P < 0.05). Vadzidzi vakawanda muboka rekuyedza vaifunga kuti nzira itsva yekudzidzisa yakawedzera kumanikidzwa kwekudzidza, asi musiyano wacho waive usina kukosha muhuwandu hwehuwandu (P > 0.05). Nzira yekudzidzisa yeCBL pamwe chete nenzira yeBOPPPS inogona kuvandudza kugona kwevadzidzi kufunga zvakadzama uye kuvabatsira kuti vajairane nekiriniki. Ichi chiyero chinoshanda chekuona kuti kudzidzisa kwakanaka uye kwakakodzera kusimudzirwa. Zvakakosha kusimudzira kushandiswa kweCBL pamwe chete neBOPPPS modhi muchirongwa chemaster chekuvhiya kwemuromo nepamaxillofacial, izvo zvisingangogone kuvandudza ruzivo rwekutanga rwedzidziso uye kugona kufunga zvakadzama kwevadzidzi vemaster, asiwo kuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka kwekudzidzisa.
Kuvhiyiwa kwemuromo nemaziso sebazi rekurapa mazino kunoratidzwa nekuoma kwekuongorora nekurapa, zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana, uye kuoma kwenzira dzekuongorora nekurapa. Mumakore achangopfuura, huwandu hwevadzidzi vanopinda postgraduate hwakaramba huchiwedzera, asi manyuko ekugamuchirwa kwevadzidzi uye mamiriro ezvinhu nekudzidziswa kwevashandi ari kunetseka. Parizvino, dzidzo yepamusoro-soro inonyanya kutsamira pakudzidza wega kunowedzerwa nehurukuro. Kushaikwa kwekufunga kwekiriniki kwakaita kuti vadzidzi vazhinji vepashure pekudzidza vasakwanise kugona kuvhiyiwa kwemuromo nemaziso mushure mekupedza kudzidza kana kugadzira seti yemazano ekuongorora ane musoro "enzvimbo uye emhando yepamusoro". Nokudaro, zvakakosha kuunza nzira dzekudzidzisa dzinoshanda, kukurudzira kufarira kwevadzidzi uye kufarira mukudzidza kuvhiyiwa kwemuromo nemaziso, uye kuvandudza kushanda kwemaitiro ekiriniki. Muenzaniso wekudzidzisa weCBL unogona kubatanidza nyaya dzakakosha mumamiriro ezvinhu ekiriniki, kubatsira vadzidzi kugadzira kufunga kwakanaka kwekiriniki pavanenge vachikurukura nyaya dzekiriniki1,2, kuunganidza zvizere chirongwa chevadzidzi, uye kugadzirisa zvinobudirira dambudziko rekusabatanidzwa kwakakwana kwemaitiro ekiriniki mudzidzo yechinyakare3,4. BOPPPS imhando yekudzidzisa inoshanda yakakurudzirwa neNorth American Workshop on Teaching Skills (ISW), iyo yakawana mhedzisiro yakanaka mukudzidzisa kwekiriniki kwevanamukoti, vana vevana nedzimwe nzvimbo5,6. CBL pamwe chete neBOPPPS kudzidzisa modhi yakavakirwa pazviitiko zvekiriniki uye inotora vadzidzi sezvinhu zvikuru, ichivandudza zvizere kufunga kwevadzidzi kwakadzama, ichisimbisa musanganiswa wekudzidzisa nemaitiro ekiriniki, ichivandudza mhando yekudzidzisa uye ichivandudza kudzidziswa kwevane tarenda mumunda wekuvhiyiwa kwemuromo nepamaxillofacial.
Kuti vadzidze kuti chidzidzo ichi chinoshanda sei uye chinoshanda sei, vadzidzi makumi matatu nevasere vegore rechipiri nerechitatu vedhigirii remasters (19 pagore rega rega) vanobva kuDhipatimendi reOral and Maxillofacial Surgery reFirst Affiliated Hospital yeZhengzhou University vakatorwa sevanhu vekudzidza kubva muna Ndira kusvika Zvita 2022. Vakakamurwa zvisina tsarukano muboka rekuyedza neboka rekutonga (Mufananidzo 1). Vese vatori vechikamu vakapa mvumo yekuziva. Pakanga pasina musiyano wakakosha muzera, murume kana mukadzi uye rumwe ruzivo rwakawanda pakati pemapoka maviri (P>0.05). Boka rekuyedza rakashandisa nzira yekudzidzisa yeCBL yakabatana neBOPPPS, uye boka rekutonga rakashandisa nzira yekudzidzisa yechinyakare yeLBL. Kosi yekiriniki mumapoka ese aive mwedzi gumi nemiviri. Zvinodiwa zvekubatanidzwa zvaisanganisira: (i) vadzidzi vegore rechipiri nerechitatu vepashure pekudzidza muDhipatimendi reOral and Maxillofacial Surgery rechipatara chedu kubva muna Ndira kusvika Zvita 2022 uye (ii) vanoda kutora chikamu muchidzidzo ichi uye kusaina mvumo yekuziva. Zvinodiwa zvekusapinda muchirongwa ichi zvaisanganisirawo (i) vadzidzi vasina kupedza kudzidza kwemwedzi gumi nemiviri uye (ii) vadzidzi vasina kupedzisa mibvunzo kana bvunzo.
Chinangwa chechidzidzo ichi chaive chekuenzanisa modhi yekudzidzisa yeCBL yakabatana neBOPPPS nenzira yechinyakare yekudzidzisa yeLBL uye kuongorora kushanda kwayo mudzidzo yepamusoro yekuvhiya maxillofacial. Modhi yekudzidzisa yeCBL yakabatana neBOPPPS inzira yekudzidzisa yakavakirwa pamatambudziko, yakatarisana nematambudziko uye inotarisana nevadzidzi. Inobatsira vadzidzi kufunga nekudzidza vakazvimiririra nekuvaisa muzviitiko chaizvo, uye inovandudza kugona kwevadzidzi kufunga zvakadzama uye kugadzirisa matambudziko. Nzira yechinyakare yekudzidzisa yeLBL inzira yekudzidzisa yakavakirwa pahurukuro, yakavakirwa pamudzidzisi inotarisa pakufambisa ruzivo nekurangarira uye inofuratira kutanga kwevadzidzi nekutora chikamu. Nekuenzanisa mutsauko uripo pakati pemhando mbiri dzekudzidzisa mukuongorora ruzivo rwedzidziso, kuongorora kugona kwekufunga zvakadzama kwekiriniki, kuongorora kushanda kwekudzidzisa kwemunhu uye mashandiro emudzidzisi, uye ongororo yemibvunzo yekugutsikana kwevadzidzi nekudzidzisa, tinogona kuongorora zvakanakira nekushata kwemodhi yeCBL yakabatana nemodhi yekudzidzisa yeBOPPPS mudzidzo yevakapedza kudzidza muhunyanzvi hweOral and Maxillofacial Surgery uye kuisa hwaro hwekuvandudza nzira dzekudzidzisa.
Vadzidzi vegore rechipiri nerechitatu remasters muna 2017 vakaiswa muboka rekuyedza, iro raisanganisira vadzidzi vasere vegore rechipiri nevadzidzi gumi nerimwe vegore rechitatu muna 2017, uye boka rekutonga, iro raisanganisira vadzidzi gumi nerimwe vegore rechipiri nevadzidzi vasere vegore rechitatu muna 2017.
Chibodzwa chedzidziso cheboka rekuyedza chaive mapoinzi 82.47±2.57, uye chibodzwa chebvunzo dzehunyanzvi hwakakosha chaive mapoinzi 77.95±4.19. Chibodzwa chedzidziso cheboka rekutonga chaive mapoinzi 82.89±2.02, uye chibodzwa chebvunzo dzehunyanzvi hwakakosha chaive mapoinzi 78.26±4.21. Pakanga pasina musiyano wakakosha muchibodzwa chedzidziso uye chibodzwa chebvunzo dzehunyanzvi hwakakosha pakati pemapoka maviri (P>0.05).
Mapoka ese ari maviri akadzidziswa zvekiriniki kwemwedzi gumi nemiviri uye akaenzaniswa nezviyero zveruzivo rwedzidziso, kugona kufunga nezvekiriniki, kushanda zvakanaka kwekudzidzisa, kushanda zvakanaka kwemudzidzisi, uye kugutsikana nekudzidzisa kwevadzidzisi.
Kutaurirana: Gadzira boka reWeChat uye mudzidzisi achatumira zvirimo munyaya yacho nemibvunzo ine chekuita nazvo kuboka reWeChat mazuva matatu kosi yega yega isati yatanga kuti abatsire vadzidzi vakapedza kudzidza kunzwisisa zvavanofanira kutarisisa panguva yezvidzidzo zvavo.
Chinangwa: Kugadzira modhi itsva yekudzidzisa inotarisa pakutsanangura, kushanda kwayo uye kushanda kwayo, inovandudza kushanda zvakanaka kwekudzidza uye inovandudza zvishoma nezvishoma kugona kwevadzidzi kufunga zvakadzama.
Kuongorora kwepamberi pekirasi: Nerubatsiro rwebvunzo pfupi, tinogona kuongorora zvizere ruzivo rwevadzidzi uye kugadzirisa nzira dzekudzidzisa nenguva.
Kudzidza nekutora chikamu: Iri ndiro musimboti wemuenzaniso uyu. Kudzidza kwakavakirwa pazviitiko chaizvo, zvichikurudzira zvizere kutanga kwevadzidzi uye kubatanidza pfungwa dzeruzivo dzakakodzera.
Pfupiso: Kumbira vadzidzi kuti vadhirowe mepu yepfungwa kana muti weruzivo kuti vapfupise zvavakadzidza.
Mudzidzisi aitevedzera nzira yekudzidzisa yechinyakare umo mudzidzisi aitaura uye vadzidzi vaiteerera, pasina kumwe kutaura, uye vaitsanangura mamiriro emurwere zvichienderana nemamiriro ake ezvinhu.
Inosanganisira ruzivo rwekutanga rwedzidziso (mapoinzi makumi matanhatu) uye kuongororwa kwezviitiko zvekiriniki (mapoinzi makumi mana), mamakisi ese ari zana.
Zvidzidzo zvakapihwa kuti zviongorore varwere vari mudhipatimendi rekuvhiya remuromo nekumaxillofacial emergency uye vaitarisirwa navanachiremba vaviri vaishanda. Vanachiremba vaishanda vakadzidziswa kushandisa chikero ichi, havana kutora chikamu mukudzidziswa uku, uye vaisaziva nezvemabasa eboka. Chikero cheMini-CEX chakagadziriswa chakashandiswa kuongorora vadzidzi, uye avhareji yemapoinzi yakatorwa segiredhi rekupedzisira remudzidzi7. Mudzidzi wega wega akapedza kudzidza achaongororwa kashanu, uye avhareji yemapoinzi ichaverengerwa. Chikero cheMini-CEX chakagadziriswa chinoongorora vadzidzi vakapedza kudzidza pazvinhu zvishanu: kuita sarudzo dzekiriniki, hunyanzvi hwekutaurirana nekubatanidza, kuchinjika, kupa kurapwa, uye kunyora nyaya. Chikero chepamusoro chechinhu chimwe nechimwe mapoinzi makumi maviri.
Chiyero cheKushanda Kwekudzidzisa Kwakasiyana-siyana chakaitwa naAshton uye TSES chakaitwa naYu et al.8 chakashandiswa kuona nekuongorora mashandisirwo eCBL pamwe chete neBOPPPS evidence-based model mukudzidzisa kuvhiya kwemuromo nepamaxillofacial. Chiyero cheLikert che6-point chakashandiswa chine mamakisi ese ari pakati pe27 kusvika 162. Kana mamakisi akakwira, pfungwa yemudzidzisi yekudzidzisa inoshanda zvakanyanya.
Mapoka maviri evanhu akaongororwa pasina kuzivikanwa achishandisa chikero chekuzviongorora kuti vanzwisise kugutsikana kwavo nenzira yekudzidzisa. Chikero cheCronbach chealpha coefficient chaive 0.75.
SPSS 22.0 statistical software yakashandiswa kuongorora data rakakodzera. Data rese rinoenderana nekugoverwa kwakajairika rakataurwa seavhareji ± SD. Muenzaniso wepaired t-test wakashandiswa kuenzanisa mapoka. P < 0.05 yakaratidza kuti musiyano wacho waive wakakosha muhuwandu.
Mapoinzi edzidziso echinyorwa (kusanganisira ruzivo rwedzidziso yekutanga, ongororo yekiriniki uye mamakisi ese) eboka rekuyedza aive nani pane eboka rekutonga, uye musiyano wacho waive wakakosha muhuwandu (P < 0.05), sezvakaratidzwa muTafura 1.
Chiyero chega chega chakaongororwa uchishandisa Mini-CEX yakagadziriswa. Kunze kwehuwandu hwekunyora nhoroondo yezvekurapa, iyo isina kuratidza mutsauko wezviverengero (P> 0.05), zvimwe zvinhu zvina uye huwandu hwese hweboka rekuyedza zvaive zviri nani pane zveboka rekutonga, uye mutsauko wacho waive wakakosha muzviverengero (P< 0.05), sezvakaratidzwa muTafura 2.
Mushure mekushandiswa kweCBL pamwe chete neBOPPPS kudzidzisa modhi, kushanda zvakanaka kwevadzidzi pakudzidza, mhedzisiro yeTSTE uye mamakisi ese zvakavandudzika zvichienzaniswa nenguva yekutanga kushandiswa, uye musiyano wacho waive wakakosha muhuwandu (P < 0.05), sezvakaratidzwa muTafura 3.
Zvichienzaniswa nemuenzaniso wekudzidzisa wekare, CBL pamwe chete nemuenzaniso wekudzidzisa weBOPPPS zvinoita kuti zvinangwa zvekudzidza zvive pachena, zvinosimbisa pfungwa huru nematambudziko, zvinoita kuti zviri mukudzidzisa zvive nyore kunzwisisa, uye zvinovandudza chinangwa chevadzidzi chekudzidza, izvo zvinobatsira mukuvandudza mafungiro evadzidzi ekiriniki. Kusiyana kwezvinhu zvese kwaive kwakakosha muhuwandu hwezvidzidzo (P < 0.05). Vadzidzi vazhinji muboka rekuyedza vaifunga kuti muenzaniso mutsva wekudzidzisa wakawedzera mutoro wavo wekudzidza, asi musiyano wacho wakanga usina kukosha muhuwandu hwezvidzidzo zvichienzaniswa neboka rekutonga (P > 0.05), sezvakaratidzwa muTafura 4.
Zvikonzero zvinoita kuti vadzidzi vedhigirii reMasters vari kuvhiyiwa nemuromo nemaziso vasakwanise kuita mabasa ekiriniki mushure mekupedza kudzidza zvinoongororwa seizvi: Chekutanga, purogiramu yekuvhiyiwa nemuromo nemaziso: panguva yezvidzidzo zvavo, vadzidzi vedhigirii reMasters vanofanirwa kupedzisa kugara kwavo, kudzivirira dingindira, uye kuita tsvakiridzo yekurapa yekutanga. Panguva imwe chete, vanofanirwa kushanda husiku uye kuita zvinhu zvidiki zvekiriniki, uye havakwanise kupedzisa mabasa ese mukati menguva yakatarwa. Chechipiri, mamiriro ekurapa: sezvo hukama hwechiremba nemurwere huchiva hwakaoma, mikana yebasa rekiriniki yevadzidzi vedhigirii reMasters iri kudzikira zvishoma nezvishoma. Vadzidzi vazhinji havana hunyanzvi hwekuongorora nekurapa vakazvimiririra, uye hunhu hwavo hwese hwadzikira zvakanyanya. Saka, zvakakosha zvikuru kuunza nzira dzekudzidzisa dzinoshanda kuti vadzidzi vafarire uye vafarire kudzidza uye vawedzere kushanda kwemabasa ekiriniki.
Nzira yekudzidzisa nyaya dzeCBL yakavakirwa pazviitiko zvekiriniki9,10. Vadzidzisi vanomutsa matambudziko ekiriniki, uye vadzidzi vanoagadzirisa kuburikidza nekudzidza vakazvimiririra kana kukurukura. Vadzidzi vanoshandisa danho ravo rekuzvifungira pachavo mukudzidza nekukurukurirana, uye zvishoma nezvishoma vanogadzira kufunga kwakazara kwekiriniki, uko kusvika pamwero wakati kunogadzirisa dambudziko rekusabatanidzwa kwakakwana kwemaitiro ekiriniki nekudzidzisa kwechinyakare. Muenzaniso weBOPPPS unobatanidza pamwe chete zvidzidzo zvakati wandei zvakazvimiririra pakutanga kuti zvigadzire network yesainzi, yakakwana uye yakajeka, zvichibatsira vadzidzi kudzidza zvinobudirira nekushandisa ruzivo rwakawanikwa mukuita kwekiriniki11,12. CBL yakabatana nemuenzaniso wekudzidzisa weBOPPPS inoshandura ruzivo rwakanga rusina kujeka rwekuvhiyiwa kwemaxillofacial kuita mifananidzo nemamiriro ezvinhu ekiriniki13,14, ichipa ruzivo nenzira inonzwisisika uye yakajeka, iyo inovandudza zvikuru kushanda kwekudzidza. Mhedzisiro yakaratidza kuti, zvichienzaniswa neboka rekutonga, kushandiswa kweCBL15 yakabatana neBOPPPS16 muenzaniso mukudzidzisa kwekuvhiyiwa kwemaxillofacial kwaibatsira mukuvandudza kugona kwekufunga kwekiriniki kwevadzidzi vemaster, kusimbisa musanganiswa wekudzidzisa nekuita kwekiriniki, uye kuvandudza mhando yekudzidzisa. Mhedzisiro yeboka rekuyedza yaive yakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura yeboka rekutonga. Pane zvikonzero zviviri zveizvi: chekutanga, nzira itsva yekudzidzisa yakagamuchirwa neboka rekuyedza yakavandudza chinangwa chevadzidzi chekudzidza; chechipiri, kubatanidzwa kwenzvimbo dzakawanda dzeruzivo kwakavandudza kunzwisisa kwavo ruzivo rwehunyanzvi.
Mini-CEX yakagadzirwa neAmerican Academy of Internal Medicine muna 1995 zvichibva pane shanduro yakapfava yechiyero cheCEX chetsika17. Haingoshandiswi zvakanyanya muzvikoro zvekurapa zvekunze kwenyika18 asi inoshandiswawo senzira yekuongorora mashandiro ekudzidza evanachiremba nevakoti muzvikoro zvikuru zvekurapa nezvikoro zvekurapa muChina19,20. Chidzidzo ichi chakashandisa chiyero cheMini-CEX chakagadziriswa kuongorora kugona kwekiriniki kwemapoka maviri evadzidzi vedhigirii remasters. Mhedzisiro yacho yakaratidza kuti kunze kwehuwandu hwekunyora nhoroondo yenyaya, mamwe hunyanzvi mana hwekiriniki hweboka rekuyedza hwaive hwakakwira kupfuura hweboka rekutonga, uye mutsauko wacho waive wakakosha. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti nzira yekudzidzisa yakabatana yeCBL inotarisisa zvakanyanya kubatana kuripo pakati pepfungwa dzeruzivo, izvo zvinobatsira zvikuru pakukura kwehunyanzvi hwekufunga kwekiriniki hwevanachiremba. Pfungwa huru yeCBL yakabatana neBOPPPS modhi inotarisa vadzidzi, izvo zvinoda kuti vadzidzi vadzidze zvinyorwa, vakurukure uye vapfupise, uye vawedzere kunzwisisa kwavo kuburikidza nekukurukurirana kwakavakirwa pachiitiko. Nekubatanidza dzidziso nemaitiro, ruzivo rwehunyanzvi, kugona kufunga kwekiriniki uye simba rese zvinovandudzwa.
Vanhu vane pfungwa yepamusoro yekudzidzisa zvakanaka vachashanda nesimba mubasa ravo uye vachakwanisa kuvandudza kushanda kwavo mukudzidzisa zviri nani. Chidzidzo ichi chakaratidza kuti vadzidzisi vakashandisa CBL pamwe chete neBOPPPS model mukudzidzisa kwekuvhiya muromo vaive nepfungwa yepamusoro yekudzidzisa zvakanaka uye kushanda zvakanaka mukudzidzisa kwavo kupfuura avo vasina kushandisa nzira itsva yekudzidzisa. Zvinokurudzirwa kuti CBL pamwe chete neBOPPPS model haingogone chete kuvandudza kugona kwevadzidzi mukurapa, asiwo kuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka kwevadzidzisi mukudzidzisa. Zvinangwa zvekudzidzisa zvevadzidzisi zvinova pachena uye kufarira kwavo kudzidzisa kwakakwira. Vadzidzisi nevadzidzi vanotaurirana kakawanda uye vanogona kugovera nekuongorora zviri mukati mekudzidzisa nenguva, izvo zvinobvumira vadzidzisi kugamuchira mhinduro kubva kuvadzidzi, izvo zvinobatsira kuvandudza hunyanzvi hwekudzidzisa uye kushanda zvakanaka kwekudzidzisa.
Zvipingamupinyi: Saizi yemuenzaniso wechidzidzo ichi yaive diki uye nguva yekudzidza yaive pfupi. Saizi yemuenzaniso inofanira kuwedzerwa uye nguva yekutevera inofanira kuwedzerwa. Kana chidzidzo che multi-center chakagadzirwa, tinogona kunzwisisa zviri nani kugona kwekudzidza kwevadzidzi vepashure pekudzidza. Chidzidzo ichi chakaratidzawo mabhenefiti angangovepo ekubatanidza CBL neBOPPPS model mukudzidzisa kuvhiya kwemuromo ne maxillofacial. Muzvidzidzo zve small-sample, mapurojekiti multi-center ane saizi huru dzesamples anounzwa zvishoma nezvishoma kuti awane mhedzisiro iri nani yekutsvagisa, nokudaro zvichibatsira mukuvandudzwa kwekudzidzisa kuvhiya kwemuromo ne maxillofacial.
CBL, pamwe chete neBOPPPS kudzidzisa modhi, inotarisa pakuvandudza kugona kwevadzidzi kufunga vakazvimiririra uye kuvandudza kugona kwavo kuongorora chirwere uye kusarudza kurapwa, kuitira kuti vadzidzi vagone kugadzirisa zviri nani matambudziko emuromo nemusoro nekufunga kwevanachiremba uye nekukurumidza kugadzirisa kurongeka nekuchinja kwemaitiro ekurapa. Iyi inzira inoshanda yekuona kuti kudzidzisa kwakanaka. Tinoshandisa nzira dzakanakisisa dziri kumba nekune dzimwe nyika uye tinodziisa pamamiriro chaiwo ehunyanzvi hwedu. Izvi hazvingobatsiri vadzidzi kujekesa pfungwa dzavo zviri nani uye kudzidzisa kugona kwavo kufunga zvine musoro, asiwo zvinobatsira kuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka kwekudzidzisa uye nekudaro kuvandudza kunaka kwekudzidzisa. Inokodzera kusimudzirwa nekushandiswa kwekurapa.
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Nguva yekutumira: Kurume-17-2025