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Kushandiswa kwehunyanzvi hwekurapa (AI) kuri kukura nekukurumidza, asi zvidzidzo zvekurapa zviripo zvinopa kudzidzisa kushoma kunofukidza chikamu ichi. Pano tinotsanangura kosi yekudzidziswa kwehunyanzvi hwekugadzira yatakagadzira nekupa kuvadzidzi vekurapa vekuCanada uye tinopa mazano ekudzidziswa mune ramangwana.
Uchenjeri hwekugadzira (AI) mukurapa hunogona kuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka kwebasa uye kubatsira mukuita sarudzo dzekiriniki. Kuti vatungamirire kushandiswa kwehungwaru hwekugadzira zvakachengeteka, vanachiremba vanofanira kunge vaine kunzwisisa kwehungwaru hwekugadzira. Mashoko mazhinji anotsigira kudzidzisa pfungwa dzeAI1, dzakadai sekutsanangura mamodheru eAI uye maitiro ekusimbisa2. Zvisinei, zvirongwa zvishoma zvakarongwa zvakashandiswa, kunyanya padanho renyika. Pinto dos Santos et al.3. Vadzidzi vekurapa 263 vakaongororwa uye 71% vakabvuma kuti vaida kudzidziswa muhungwaru hwekugadzira. Kudzidzisa hungwaru hwekugadzira kune vateereri vekurapa kunoda dhizaini yakanyatso sanganisa pfungwa dzehunyanzvi nedzisiri dzehunyanzvi kuvadzidzi vanowanzova neruzivo rwakakura rwekare. Tinotsanangura ruzivo rwedu rwekupa maworkshops eAI akatevedzana kumapoka matatu evadzidzi vekurapa uye tinopa mazano edzidzo yezvekurapa mune ramangwana muAI.
Musangano wedu wevhiki shanu weKutanga Kunyanzvi Hwekugadzira muMishonga wevadzidzi vekurapa wakaitwa katatu pakati paKukadzi 2019 naKubvumbi 2021. Purogiramu yemusangano wega wega, ine tsananguro pfupi yekuchinja kwekosi, inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 1. Kosi yedu ine zvinangwa zvitatu zvikuru zvekudzidza: vadzidzi vanonzwisisa kuti data rinogadziriswa sei mumashandisirwo ehungwaru hwekugadzira, vanoongorora mabhuku ehungwaru hwekugadzira ekushandisa mukiriniki, uye vanoshandisa mikana yekushandira pamwe nemainjiniya vanogadzira hungwaru hwekugadzira.
Bhuruu ndiyo musoro wehurukuro uye bhuruu rakareruka ndiyo nguva yemibvunzo nemhinduro. Chikamu chegrey ndicho chinonyanya kutaurwa muongororo pfupi yemabhuku. Zvikamu zveorenji inyaya dzakasarudzwa dzinotsanangura mamodheru kana matekiniki ehungwaru hwekugadzira. Giredhi ikosi yekuronga mapurogiramu inotungamirirwa yakagadzirirwa kudzidzisa hungwaru hwekugadzira kugadzirisa matambudziko ekiriniki uye kuongorora mamodheru. Zviri mukati uye nguva yemaworkshops zvinosiyana zvichienderana nekuongorora zvinodiwa nevadzidzi.
Musangano wekutanga wakaitirwa paYunivhesiti yeBritish Columbia kubva muna Kukadzi kusvika Kubvumbi 2019, uye vese vatori vechikamu vasere vakapa mhinduro dzakanaka4. Nekuda kweCOVID-19, musangano wechipiri wakaitwa kuburikidza neindaneti muna Gumiguru-Mbudzi 2020, nevadzidzi vezvekurapa 222 nevagari vatatu vanobva kuzvikoro zvisere zvekurapa zvekuCanada vakanyoresa. Masiraidhi ehurukuro nekodhi zvakaiswa panzvimbo yakavhurika (http://ubcaimed.github.io). Mhinduro huru kubva mukudzokorora kwekutanga yaive yekuti hurukuro dzaive dzakanyanya uye zvinyorwa zvaive zvedzidziso zvakanyanya. Kushandira nzvimbo nhanhatu dzakasiyana dzenguva dzeCanada kune mamwe matambudziko. Saka, musangano wechipiri wakapfupisa chikamu chega chega kusvika paawa imwe, wakarerutsa zvinyorwa zvekosi, wakawedzera zvimwe zvidzidzo, uye wakagadzira mapurogiramu eboilerplate akabvumira vatori vechikamu kupedzisa zvidimbu zvekodhi pasina kugadzirisa zvakanyanya (Bhokisi 1). Mhinduro huru kubva mukudzokorora kwechipiri yaisanganisira mhinduro dzakanaka pakudzidzira kwepurogiramu uye chikumbiro chekuratidza kuronga kwepurojekiti yekudzidza kwemuchina. Saka, mumusangano wedu wechitatu, wakaitwa paindaneti kuvadzidzi vezvekurapa zana nemakumi maviri nevatanhatu munaKurume-Kubvumbi 2021, takabatanidza mamwe maekisesaizi ekunyora makodhi pamwe nemisangano yekupa mhinduro kumapurojekiti kuratidza kukosha kwekushandisa pfungwa dzemusangano pamapurojekiti.
Kuongorora Data: Chikamu chekudzidza muhuwandu hwehuwandu chinoratidza maitiro ane musoro mudata nekuongorora, kugadzirisa, uye kutaurirana maitiro edata.
Kuchera data: maitiro ekuona nekubvisa data. Munyaya yehungwaru hwekugadzira, izvi zvinowanzo kuve zvakakura, zvine zvinhu zvakawanda zvinochinja pamuenzaniso wega wega.
Kuderedzwa kwehukuru hwedata: Maitiro ekushandura data rine zvinhu zvakawanda zvakasiyana kuita zvinhu zvishoma uku uchichengetedza zvinhu zvakakosha zvedata rekutanga.
Hunhu (muchirevo chehungwaru hwekugadzira): hunhu hunoyerwa hwemuenzaniso. Kazhinji hunoshandiswa zvakafanana ne "pfuma" kana "kushanduka".
Mepu yeKushanda kweGradient: Nzira inoshandiswa kududzira mamodheru ehungwaru hwekugadzira (kunyanya network dzepfungwa dzakagadziriswa), iyo inoongorora maitiro ekugadzirisa chikamu chekupedzisira chenetwork kuti ione nzvimbo dzedata kana mifananidzo dzinofanotaura zvakanyanya.
Standard Model: Muenzaniso weAI uripo wakadzidziswa kare kuti uite mabasa akafanana.
Kuedza (mupfungwa dzehungwaru hwekugadzira): kutarisa kuti modhi inoita sei basa uchishandisa data raisisati yamboona.
Kudzidziswa (munyaya yehungwaru hwekugadzira): Kupa modhi ine data nemhedzisiro kuitira kuti modhi igadzirise maparamita ayo emukati kuti igone kuita mabasa ichishandisa data idzva.
Vector: array yedata. Mukudzidza kwemuchina, chinhu chimwe nechimwe chearray chinowanzova chinhu chakasiyana chemuenzaniso.
Tafura 1 inoratidza makosi matsva eKubvumbi 2021, kusanganisira zvinangwa zvekudzidza zvakanangana nemusoro wega wega. Musangano uyu wakagadzirirwa avo vatsva padanho rehunyanzvi uye haudi ruzivo rwemasvomhu kupfuura gore rekutanga redhigirii rezvekurapa repasi pegiredhi. Kosi iyi yakagadzirwa nevadzidzi vekurapa vatanhatu nevadzidzisi vatatu vane madhigirii epamusoro muinjiniya. Mainjiniya ari kugadzira dzidziso yehungwaru hwekugadzira kuti vadzidzise, uye vadzidzi vekurapa vari kudzidza zvinhu zvine chekuita nekiriniki.
Maworkshop anosanganisira hurukuro, zvidzidzo zvezviitiko, uye mapurogiramu anotungamirirwa. Muhurukuro yekutanga, tinoongorora pfungwa dzakasarudzwa dzekuongorora data mu biostatistics, kusanganisira kuona data, logistic regression, uye kuenzanisa nhamba dzinotsanangura uye dzinobatsira. Kunyangwe kuongorora data kuri hwaro hwehungwaru hwekugadzira, hatibatanidzi misoro yakaita sekutsvaga data, kuyedza kukosha, kana kuonana kwekudyidzana. Izvi zvaive nekuda kwekushaikwa kwenguva uye zvakare nekuti vamwe vadzidzi vepashure pekudzidza vakambodzidziswa mu biostatistics uye vaida kufukidza misoro yakasiyana yekudzidza kwemuchina. Hurukuro inotevera inosuma nzira dzemazuva ano uye inokurukura nezvekugadzirwa kwedambudziko reAI, zvakanakira uye zvisingakwanisike zveAI models, uye kuyedzwa kwemuenzaniso. Hurukuro idzi dzinowedzerwa nemabhuku uye tsvakiridzo inoshanda pamidziyo yehungwaru hwekugadzira iripo. Tinosimbisa hunyanzvi hunodiwa kuti tiongorore kushanda uye kugona kwemuenzaniso kugadzirisa mibvunzo yekiriniki, kusanganisira kunzwisisa zvisingakwanisike zvemidziyo yehungwaru hwekugadzira iripo. Semuenzaniso, takakumbira vadzidzi kuti vatsanangure nhungamiro dzekukuvara kwemusoro kwevana dzakakurudzirwa naKupperman et al., 5 iyo yakaisa algorithm yemuti wesarudzo yehungwaru hwekugadzira kuti ione kana CT scan ingabatsira zvichibva pakuongororwa kwachiremba. Tinosimbisa kuti uyu muenzaniso wakajairika weAI ichipa analytics yekufanotaura kuti vanachiremba vatsanangure, pane kutsiva vanachiremba.
Mumienzaniso yepurogiramu yebootstrap inowanikwa (https://github.com/ubcaimed/ubcaimed.github.io/tree/master/programming_examples), tinoratidza maitiro ekuongorora data, kuderedza divi, kurodha modhi yakajairika, uye kudzidzisa . uye kuyedza. Tinoshandisa Google Colaboratory notebooks (Google LLC, Mountain View, CA), iyo inobvumira Python code kuti ishandiswe kubva kuwebhu browser. MuMufananidzo 2 unopa muenzaniso wechiitwa chepurogiramu. Chiitwa ichi chinosanganisira kufanotaura kenza uchishandisa Wisconsin Open Breast Imaging Dataset6 uye algorithm yemuti wesarudzo.
Vanoratidza mapurogiramu mukati mevhiki rese pamusoro penyaya dzakabatana uye vanosarudza mienzaniso kubva kumapurogiramu eAI akaburitswa. Zvinhu zvepurogiramu zvinosanganisirwa chete kana zvichionekwa sezvine basa rekupa ruzivo nezvemaitiro ekurapa mune ramangwana, senge maitiro ekuongorora mamodheru kuti vaone kana akagadzirira kushandiswa mumiedzo yekiriniki. Mienzaniso iyi inoguma nekushandiswa kwakazara kwekupedzisira kunoisa bundu serisina njodzi kana kuti rine kenza zvichibva pamifananidzo yekurapa.
Kusiyana kweruzivo rwekare. Vatori vechikamu vedu vakasiyana padanho ravo reruzivo rwemasvomhu. Semuenzaniso, vadzidzi vane ruzivo rwepamusoro rweinjiniya vari kutsvaga zvimwe zvinhu zvakadzama, zvakaita sekuti vangaite sei maFourier transforms avo. Zvisinei, kukurukura nezveFourier algorithm mukirasi hazvigoneke nekuti zvinoda ruzivo rwakadzama rwekugadzirisa masaini.
Kubuda kwevanopinda. Kupinda kwevakapinda misangano yekutevera kwakaderera, kunyanya mumafomu epamhepo. Mhinduro ingave yekutevera vapindi uye kupa chitupa chekupedza. Zvikoro zvekurapa zvinozivikanwa nekucherechedza zvinyorwa zvezviitiko zvevadzidzi zvekunze kwedzidzo, izvo zvinogona kukurudzira vadzidzi kuti vatevere dhigirii.
Kugadzira Kosi: Nekuti AI inofukidza nzvimbo dzakawanda, kusarudza pfungwa huru dzekudzika kwakakodzera uye hupamhi hwakakodzera kunogona kunetsa. Semuenzaniso, kuramba uchishandisa zvishandiso zveAI kubva murabhoritari kuenda kukiriniki inyaya yakakosha. Kunyange tichifukidza data preprocessing, kuvaka modhi, uye kusimbisa, hatibatanidzi misoro yakaita se big data analytics, interactive visualization, kana kuita AI clinical trials, panzvimbo pezvo tinotarisa pane pfungwa dzeAI dzakasiyana. Nheyo yedu inotungamira ndeyekuvandudza kuverenga nekunyora, kwete hunyanzvi. Semuenzaniso, kunzwisisa kuti modhi inogadzira sei zvinhu zvekupinda kwakakosha pakududzira. Imwe nzira yekuita izvi ndeyekushandisa gradient activation maps, iyo inogona kuona kuti ndeapi matunhu edata anogona kufanotaurwa. Nekudaro, izvi zvinoda multivariate calculus uye hazvigone kuunzwa8. Kugadzira mazwi akafanana kwaive kwakaoma nekuti taiedza kutsanangura mashandisirwo edata semavectors pasina masvomhu formalism. Cherechedza kuti mazwi akasiyana ane chirevo chimwe chete, semuenzaniso, mu epidemiology, "hunhu" hunotsanangurwa se "variable" kana "attribute."
Kuchengetedza ruzivo. Nekuti kushandiswa kweAI kwakaganhurirwa, huwandu hwevanotora chikamu mukuchengetedza ruzivo huchiri kuonekwa. Zvidzidzo zvechikoro chekurapa zvinowanzo vimba nekudzokorora kwakapatsanurwa kuti zvisimbise ruzivo panguva yekutenderera kwemabasa,9 izvo zvinogona kushandiswawo mudzidzo yeAI.
Hunyanzvi hunonyanya kukosha kupfuura kuverenga nekunyora. Kudzika kwezvinyorwa kwakagadzirwa pasina kuoma kwemasvomhu, izvo zvaive dambudziko pakutanga makosi ekiriniki muhungwaru hwekugadzira. Mumienzaniso yepurogiramu, tinoshandisa template yepurogiramu inobvumira vatori vechikamu kuzadza minda uye kumhanyisa software vasina kufanira kufunga kuti vangagadzira sei nzvimbo yakakwana yepurogiramu.
Zvinonetsa nezvehungwaru hwekugadzira zvakagadziriswa: Pane kunetseka kwakapararira kwekuti hungwaru hwekugadzira hunogona kutsiva mamwe mabasa ekurapa3. Kuti tigadzirise nyaya iyi, tinotsanangura zvisingakwanisike zveAI, kusanganisira chokwadi chekuti matekinoroji ese eAI anotenderwa nevatongi anoda kutarisirwa nachiremba11. Tinosimbisawo kukosha kwerusaruro nekuti maalgorithms anowanzo sarura, kunyanya kana data rakaiswa risina kusiyana12. Nekuda kweizvozvo, rimwe boka rinogona kuenzaniswa zvisirizvo, zvichikonzera sarudzo dzisina kururama dzekiriniki.
Zvishandiso zviripo pachena: Takagadzira zvishandiso zviripo pachena, kusanganisira masiraidhi ehurukuro nekodhi. Kunyangwe mukana wekuwana zvinyorwa zvinoenderana nenguva wakaganhurirwa nekuda kwenzvimbo dzenguva, zvinyorwa zvemahara inzira iri nyore yekudzidza zvisina kurongeka sezvo ruzivo rweAI rusingawanikwe muzvikoro zvese zvekurapa.
Kushandira pamwe kwevadzidzi vezvekurapa: Musangano uyu ibasa rekubatana rakatangwa nevadzidzi vezvekurapa kuronga makosi pamwe chete nemainjiniya. Izvi zvinoratidza mikana yekushandira pamwe chete uye kusazivana kweruzivo munzvimbo dzese dziri mbiri, zvichibvumira vatori vechikamu kunzwisisa basa ravanogona kupa mune ramangwana.
Tsanangura hunyanzvi hweAI. Kutsanangura runyorwa rwehunyanzvi kunopa chimiro chakajairika chinogona kubatanidzwa muzvidzidzo zvekurapa zviripo zvinoenderana nehunyanzvi. Musangano uyu parizvino unoshandisa Learning Objective Levels 2 (Kunzwisisa), 3 (Kushandisa), uye 4 (Kuongorora) kweBloom's Taxonomy. Kuva nezviwanikwa pamazinga akakwirira ekupatsanura, zvakaita sekugadzira mapurojekiti, kunogona kusimbisa ruzivo. Izvi zvinoda kushanda nenyanzvi dzekurapa kuti vaone kuti misoro yeAI ingashandiswa sei pamabasa ekurapa uye kudzivirira kudzidziswa kwemisoro inodzokororwa yatovepo muzvidzidzo zvekurapa zvakajairika.
Gadzira zvidzidzo zvemuenzaniso uchishandisa AI. Kufanana nemienzaniso yekiriniki, kudzidza kwakavakirwa pazviitiko kunogona kusimbisa pfungwa dzisinganzwisisike nekusimbisa kukosha kwadzo kumibvunzo yekiriniki. Semuenzaniso, imwe ongororo yemusangano yakaongorora sisitimu yeGoogle yekuongorora chirwere cheshuga che retinopathy 13 kuti ione matambudziko ari munzira kubva murabhoritari kuenda kukiriniki, senge zvinodiwa zvekusimbisa zvekunze uye nzira dzekubvumidzwa kwemutemo.
Shandisa ruzivo rwekudzidza: Unyanzvi hwehunyanzvi hunoda kudzidzira kwakanangana uye kushandiswa kwakawanda kuti udzidze, zvakafanana nekudzidza kunotenderera kwevadzidzi vekiriniki. Imwe mhinduro inogona kuitika ndeye modhi yekirasi yakapindurwa, iyo yakashumwa kuti inovandudza kuchengetedza ruzivo mudzidzo yeinjiniya14. Mu modhi iyi, vadzidzi vanoongorora zvinyorwa zvedzidziso vakazvimiririra uye nguva yekirasi inotsaurirwa kugadzirisa matambudziko kuburikidza nezvidzidzo zvemuenzaniso.
Kuwedzerwa kwevadzidzi vane hunyanzvi hwakasiyana-siyana: Tinofungidzira kushandiswa kweAI kunosanganisira kushanda pamwe chete muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira vanachiremba nevashandi vehutano vane hunyanzvi hwakasiyana-siyana hwekudzidziswa. Nokudaro, zvidzidzo zvingada kugadzirwa nekutaurirana nevadzidzisi vemadhipatimendi akasiyana kuti vagadzirise zviri mukati mavo zvinoenderana nenzvimbo dzakasiyana dzehutano.
Uchenjeri hwekugadzira hune tekinoroji yepamusoro-soro uye pfungwa dzahwo huru dzine chekuita nemasvomhu nesainzi yemakombiyuta. Kudzidzisa vashandi vehutano kuti vanzwisise hungwaru hwekugadzira kunounza matambudziko akasiyana mukusarudza zviri mukati, kukosha kwekiriniki, uye nzira dzekutumira. Tinovimba kuti nzwisiso yakawanikwa kubva kumaworkshop eAI muDzidzo ichabatsira vadzidzisi vemangwana kugamuchira nzira itsva dzekubatanidza AI mudzidzo yezvekurapa.
Chinyorwa cheGoogle Colaboratory Python chakavhurika uye chinowanikwa pa: https://github.com/ubcaimed/ubcaimed.github.io/tree/master/.
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McCoy, LG nezvimwewo. Chii chaizvo chinofanira kuzivikanwa nevadzidzi vezvekurapa nezvehungwaru hwekugadzira? Nhamba dzeNPZh. Medicine 3, 1–3 (2020).
Dos Santos, DP, nevamwe. Maonero evadzidzi vezvekurapa nezvehungwaru hwekugadzira: ongororo yenzvimbo dzakawanda. EURO. radiation. 29, 1640–1646 (2019).
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Mugwagwa, WN, Wolberg, WH naMangasarian, OL. Kubviswa kwezvinhu zvenyukireya kuti zviongororwe bundu rezamu. Sainzi yezvekurapa. Kugadziriswa kwemifananidzo. Sainzi yezvekurapa. Weiss. 1905, 861–870 (1993).
Chen, PHC, Liu, Y. naPeng, L. Maitiro ekugadzira mamodheru ekudzidza kwemuchina wehutano. Nat. Matt. 18, 410–414 (2019).
Selvaraju, RR nevamwe. Grad-cam: Kududzirwa kwemaonero e network dzakadzika kuburikidza ne gradient-based localization. Zvakaitika kuIEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, 618–626 (2017).
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Kolachalama VB naGarg PS Kudzidza kwemichina nedzidzo yezvekurapa. Nhamba dzeNPZh. mushonga. 1, 1–3 (2018).
van Leeuwen, KG, Schalekamp, S., Rutten, MJ, van Ginneken, B. uye de Rooy, M. Artificial intelligence mu radiology: 100 zvigadzirwa zvekutengesa uye uchapupu hwavo hwezvesayenzi. EURO. mwaranzi. 31, 3797–3804 (2021).
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Bede, E. nevamwe. Kuongororwa kwakanangana nevanhu kwehurongwa hwekudzidza hwakadzama hwakaiswa mukiriniki kuti huonekwe nechirwere cheshuga chinonzi retinopathy. Zvakaitika paMusangano weCHI wa2020 weZvinhu zveVanhu muComputer Systems (2020).
Kerr, B. Kirasi isina kugadzikana mudzidzo yeinjiniya: Ongororo yekutsvagisa. Zvakaitika paMusangano wePasirose we2015 weKudzidza Kwekubatana Kwekudyidzana (2015).
Vanyori vanotenda Danielle Walker, Tim Salcudin, naPeter Zandstra vanobva kuBiomedical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence Research Cluster paYunivhesiti yeBritish Columbia nerutsigiro nemari.
RH, PP, ZH, RS naMA ndivo vaiva nebasa rekugadzira zviri mumusangano wekudzidzisa. RH naPP ndivo vaiva nebasa rekugadzira mienzaniso yezvirongwa. KYF, OY, MT naPW ndivo vaiva nebasa rekugadzira hurongwa hwezvirongwa zvepurojekiti uye kuongorora maworkshop. RH, OY, MT, RS ndivo vaiva nebasa rekugadzira mifananidzo nematafura. RH, KYF, PP, ZH, OY, MY, PW, TL, MA, RS ndivo vaiva nebasa rekunyora nekugadzirisa gwaro.
Communication Medicine inotenda Carolyn McGregor, Fabio Moraes, naAditya Borakati nekupa kwavo mipiro mukuongorora basa iri.
Nguva yekutumira: Kukadzi-19-2024