Iri gwaro remamiriro ezvinhu rinoongorora shanduko dzenhoroondo uye mafambiro aripo mudzidzo yemazino uye maitiro uye rinoedza kufanotaura remangwana. Dzidzo yemazino uye maitiro, kunyanya mushure medenda reCOVID-19, iri panjodzi. Ramangwana rakaumbwa nemasimba mana makuru: kukwira kwemitengo yedzidzo, kusashanda kwekutarisira mazino, kubatanidzwa kwemakambani ekutarisira mazino, uye kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji. Dzidzo yemazino inogona kusanganisira kudzidza kwakagadzirirwa munhu, kwakavakirwa pahunyanzvi, kusingaenderane, kwakasanganiswa, kumeso nechiso uye online, zvichipa vadzidzi nzvimbo dzakawanda dzekutanga nedzekupedzisira. Saizvozvo, mahofisi emazino achava hybrid, nekutarisira varwere varipo. Unyanzvi hwekugadzira huchawedzera kushanda kwekuongorora, kurapwa uye manejimendi ehofisi.
"Dzidzo yemazino nemabasa zviri panjodzi" zvinowanzotaurwa muhurukuro dzedu dzehunyanzvi. Chirevo ichi chine musoro ikozvino kupfuura chaive muna 1995 (1). Zvakakosha kuziva hukama huripo pakati pedzidzo yemazino nemabasa sezvo zvichipesvedzerana. Uyezve, kunzwisisa kwakazara kwemamiriro ezvinhu aripo kunoda kufunga nezvemafambiro enguva refu ari kuumba nzvimbo idzi.
Mavambo edzidzo yemazino anogona kuteverwa nemuenzaniso wekudzidzira mabasa asina kurongeka umo basa racho rakapfuudzwa kubva kune mumwe chiremba kuenda kune mumwe. Nekuvhurwa kwechikoro chekutanga chemazino muBaltimore muna 1840, tsika iyi yakashanduka kuita hurongwa hwezvikoro hwakarongeka. Dzidzo yemazino ichangobva kuchinja zvakanyanya kubva padzidzo yakavakirwa panzvimbo kuenda kudzidzo yakapararira uchishandisa nzvimbo dzakawanda dzekiriniki uye mamodheru akasanganiswa anosanganisira kutaurirana kwepamhepo uye kusangana kwevanhu, zvichiwedzerwa nematambudziko anokonzerwa nedenda reCOVID-19 riri kuchinja.
Mumakore 183 kubva pakatangwa Baltimore School of Dental Medicine, chikoro chekutanga chemazino muUnited States, mamiriro edzidzo yemazino akachinja zvikuru. Dzidzo yemazino yachinja kubva kuzvikoro zvepachivande, zvepurofiti, uye zvehunyanzvi zvakazvimiririra kuenda kuzvikoro zvedzidzo yehutano zviri kuyunivhesiti, zvisiri zvepurofiti. Huwandu hwezvikoro zvemazino muUnited States hwakakwira muna 1900 pa57, hwakadzikira kusvika pa38 muna 1930 mushure mekuburitswa kweGies report (2), uye hwakazodzoka kusvika pa60 muma1970. Mushure mekuvharwa uye kuvhurwazve muma1980, huwandu hwezvikoro hwasvika pa72, uye zvimwe zvikoro zvinomwe zvakarongwa kuvhurwa mumakore 2-3 anotevera (3).
Panguva imwe chete, zvikamu zvedzidzo yemazino zviri kuramba zvichiwedzera kuoma. Pakutanga, mudzidzi mumwe chete, mudzidzisi mumwe chete, murwere mumwe chete nenzvimbo imwe chete yemuviri zvichave zvakakwana. Zvisinei, mumakore 183 apfuura, makosi, makiriniki, nzvimbo dzekugadzirira kurapwa, makirasi, uye nzvimbo dzekufananidzira dzakakura uye dzakasiyana-siyana. Hunhu hwevadzidzisi nekusiyana-siyana, maitiro ekuyedza epamutemo, uye zvikamu zvemitemo yakawanda uye kutevedzera mitemo zvinowedzerwa kuti zviwedzere ruzivo rwedzidzo rwese.
Mari yedzidzo yemazino yakachinjawo zvikuru, zvichiwedzera mutoro wechikwereti chevadzidzi. Pakutanga, kudzidziswa kwepamutemo kubva kuna chiremba wemazino kunodiwa, uye mushure megore 1-2, vadzidzi vanogona kushanda vakazvimiririra. Mutemo wekuita mazino muUnited States pakutanga waive wenguva pfupi, Alabama ikava nyika yekutanga kuitonga muna 1841. Pakazosvika 1910, marezenisi ehurumende akatanga kusungirwa mumatunhu ese. Pakati pezana remakore rechi19, mari yechikoro yaidhura madhora angangoita zana, mari yakawanda. Nekuvhurwa kwechikoro chekutanga chemazino muna 1840, mari yechikoro yemadhora zana kusvika mazana maviri yakagara ichishandiswa. Kwemakore zana nemakumi mana (1880 kusvika 2020), mari yechikoro pachikoro chemazino chega chega muUnited States yakawedzera ka555, ichipfuura inflation ka25 (4). Muna 2023, avhareji yechikwereti chevachangopedza kudzidza kuchikoro chemazino ichave $280,700 (5).
Nhoroondo yekurapa mazino ine mativi akasiyana-siyana inoenderera mberi mukurapa kwakasiyana-siyana, imwe neimwe ichiitika panguva dzakasiyana-siyana muhuwandu hwayo (Mufananidzo 1). Matanho aya anosanganisira kubvisa mazino, inova ndiyo nzira yekutanga yekurapa; kudzorera mazino uye mamwe maitiro ekurapa, ayo akatanga muna 1728 munguva yaPierre Fauchard, inoonekwa nevakawanda se "baba vemazino", zvichibva pakudzivirira mazino, ayo akatanga muna 1945. Kuongorora; Kurapa mazino kwakavakirwa pamazino kwakatanga muma1960 nekuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji yemvura fluoridation, apo mate, mvura yemuromo uye matishu zvakava kiyi yekuongorora zvirwere zvemunharaunda uye zvemuviri. Kurapa kwakachinja kuri kugadzirwa parizvino kunopa hutano hwemuromo hwakavakirwa pakuvandudzwa nekushandiswa kwe microbiome, zvichigadzira nzira yeramangwana rekurapa mazino. Mubvunzo mukuru ndewekuti chii chichava chikamu chemhando dzakasiyana dzekurapa mazino mune ramangwana.
Mufananidzo 1. Matanho ekare ekurapa mazino. Zvakatorwa kubva muThe Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dental History naAndrew Spielman. https://historyofdentistryandmedicine.com/a-timeline-of-the-history-of-dentistry/. Yakadhindwazve nemvumo.
Kuchinja uku kwakachinja maitiro ekurapa mazino kubva pakutarisa chete (kubvisa, kutsiva uye kugadzirisa mazino) kuenda kune anotongwa nemakemikari uye zvinhu zvehupenyu (kudzivirira mazino) uye ikozvino yava kupinda mumunda wehutano hwemuromo (regenerative dentistry). ) uye zvichibva pakushandiswa kwe microbiome manipulations).
Kumwe kushanduka-shanduka kwakakosha kwakaitika munhoroondo yekurapwa kwemazino: kubva panzira yakajairika yekurapa mazino (munguva yakawanda yenhoroondo yayo) kusvika panzira yakasarudzika (kutangira kuma1920) yakaratidzwa nekusiyana kwebasa remazino. Kurapa mazino kuri kufambira mberi kune nzira dzakasarudzika dzekutarisira dzinoratidza nzira inonzwisisika uye yakasarudzika yehutano hwemuromo.
Panguva imwe cheteyo, mhando dzekutanga dzekurapa mazino dzakachinja kubva kuva vanachiremba vemazino vanofamba-famba vaipa masevhisi munzvimbo dzakasiyana (dzakawanda dzekurapa mazino zvisati zvaitika muzana remakore rechi19) kuenda kumhando isingachinji yekurapa mazino (zana remakore rechi19 kusvika pari zvino). Zvisinei, mukutanga kwema2000, nekuuya kwekurapa kwefoni, nzira yakasanganiswa yekurapa mazino yakabuda iyo yakabatanidza masevhisi echinyakare ekuonana chiso nechiso nekutaurirana kwedhijitari kure, nokudaro ichichinja nzira yekurapa mazino.
Panguva imwe cheteyo, mamiriro ekurapa mazino akachinjawo, kubva pakurapa mazino ega (mumazana emakore e19 ne20) kuenda kuchipatara cheboka chevanachiremba vemazino mumwe chete kana kupfuura (kutangira kuma1970). Kuchinja kuenda kusangano rekambani yemazino (DSO) (kunyanya mumakore makumi maviri apfuura). Maitiro aya anoshamisa emazuva ano, akakurumbira zvikuru pakati pevadiki vakapedza kudzidza, anoratidza kuchinja kwemaitiro evanopa rubatsiro rwemazino uye maitiro ekubatanidza mabasa emazino akafanana nemabasa ekurapa makumi emakore apfuura. Maumbirwo ekuva muridzi wemabasa emazino ega ega akachinja zvakanyanya mumakore gumi nematanhatu apfuura. Pakati pevaya vane makore makumi matanhatu nemashanu zvichikwira, kuva muridzi wemazino ega ega kwakaderera zvishoma ne1%, nepo pakati pevaya vari pasi pemakore makumi matatu ekuberekwa kudzikira kwacho kwaive kwakanyanya, kusvika 15% (6). Ongororo yeKirasi ye2023 yakawana kuti 34% yevakapedza kudzidza vaironga kupinda muchipatara chega mushure mekupedza kudzidza vaifunga nezvekupinda muDSO, nhamba yakapetwa kaviri mumakore mashanu chete (5). Kuchinja uku kunoratidza kusiyana kwezvizvarwa mumhando dzevashandi vemazino dzinofarirwa nenyanzvi dzemazino dzechidiki nekuda kwenjodzi dzakakura, mitoro yekutonga uye mari yekushandisa kambani yakazvimiririra. Kubatanidzwa kwekambani yemazino kunovhiringidzawo kuzvitonga kwetsika kwevanorapa mazino.
Kudzora nekutarisira mazino muUnited States kwachinja zvakanyanya. Munguva yehutongi hwechikoloni, kutarisira mazino kwakanga kusisipo zvachose. Pakazosvika 1923, chimiro ichi chakanga chakura kuita masangano mana (Mufananidzo 2). Mumakore zana akatevera, mamiriro ekutonga akawedzera zvakanyanya, uye masimba ekutarisira akawedzera kusvika kumasangano ehurumende, ematunhu, neemunharaunda anosvika makumi mana nemashanu, makomisheni, nemadhipatimendi epamusoro. Kufambira mberi uku kunoratidza kuwedzera kukuru mukuoma uye kusiyana kwezvivakwa zvekutonga uye mutoro wekutonga wemabasa ekurapa mazino nedzidzo muUnited States.
Masimba mana ane simba ari kupokana nedzidzo yemazino yechinyakare uye maitiro ayo. Izvi zvinosanganisira mutengo wedzidzo, kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji senge virtual uye augmented reality, artificial intelligence, teledentistry, kurapwa kwemazino "kusingapindi", kureva, kurapwa kusingapindi kunoitwa nevanopa rubatsiro rwepakati uye kunyange veruzhinji, uye kubatanidzwa kwemabasa emazino.
Chekutanga chinokanganisa dzidzo, chechitatu nechechina chinokanganisa maitiro ekurapa, uye chechipiri chinokanganisa ese ari maviri. Nzvimbo idzi dzinokurukurwa muchidimbu pazasi uye dzinovhura gakava pamusoro pekuti dzidzo yemazino nekurapa kunogona kutungamirirwa kupi.
Kunyange zvazvo takurukura muchidimbu mari dziripo pari zvino dzedzidzo, zvakakosha kuti titarise zvakadzama kukosha kwekugadzirisa mari dziripo mune ramangwana dzichamanikidza zvikoro kuti zvigadzirise hurongwa. Kunyanya, pachava nekudiwa kuri kuwedzera kwekuderedza mari yekushandisa nemari yechikoro kuburikidza nekushandisa maturusi asingadhuri. Nzira inovimbisa zvikuru yekuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka ndeyekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji kunogona kuderedza zvakanyanya mari yese yekupa dzidzo.
Mari yechikoro chemazino inonyanya kuenderana nemari yevashandi vekudzidzisa mazino, vashandi vehutungamiriri, uye mari yekushandisa, kusanganisira mari yekiriniki. Zvakaitika munguva pfupi yapfuura nedenda reCOVID-19 zvakaratidza kugona kuramba uchidzidzisa mazino emhando yepamusoro uri kure kunyangwe mahofisi emazino akavharwa. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvikwanisike kudzidzisa makosi akawanda nedhijitari, nokudaro zvichideredza kudiwa kwevadzidzisi kushandisa zviwanikwa zvakagovaniswa. Kuchinja uku kunogona kugadzirira nzira yekuti masangano akawanda emazino agovane zvidzidzo zvedzidzo nevadzidzisi vari kure mune ramangwana, zvichibvisa kudiwa kwekuva muridzi uye zvingangotungamira kudzikiswa kukuru kwemari yemuhoro yevashandi vekudzidzisa nevadzidzisi.
Pamusoro pezvo, kubatanidzwa kwe virtual reality (VR) uye augmented reality (AR) simulations mu asynchronous preclinical education idanho rinochinja. Iyi innovation inogona kuenzanisa mhinduro uye kubudirira kwehunyanzvi hwemunhu nekumhanya kwakasiyana, zvichiyeuchidza mapurogiramu ekudzidzisa vatyairi vendege anoshandisa simulators kukudziridza hunyanzvi. Maitiro aya ane mukana wekuchinja dzidzo yemazino preclinical nekugadzira nzvimbo yekudzidza inoshanda uye yakajairika.
VR parizvino inoshandiswa muzvikoro zvakasiyana-siyana zvekurapa nemazino. Heano mimwe mienzaniso. HoloAnatomy, yakagadzirwa neCase Western Reserve University, inopa kugona kwechokwadi kwakawedzeredzwa kunobvumira vadzidzi vekurapa kuti vabatane nemamodheru eatomu e3D holographic kuti vadzidze zvakadzama. Chimwe chirongwa, TouchSurgery, chinopa simulator yekuvhiya yeVR inobvumira nyanzvi dzehutano kuti dziite maitiro akasiyana-siyana ekuvhiya munzvimbo chaiyo ye3D. Osso VR inotarisa pakudzidziswa kwekuvhiya uye inopa nzvimbo chaiyo umo nyanzvi dzehutano dzinogona kudzidzira kuvhiya uye kuvandudza hunyanzvi hwavo kuburikidza nekuenzanisa chaiko. Chekupedzisira, Virti inopa simulations yeVR neAR yekudzidziswa kwekupindura nekukurumidza. Nyanzvi dzehutano dzinogona kudzidzira kupindura kune emergency yekurapa mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo.
Mienzaniso yakati wandei yekushandiswa kweAI inosanganisira kutevedzera varwere veAI, izvo zvinobvumira vadzidzi vemazino kudzidzira maitiro akasiyana-siyana munzvimbo chaiyo uye yakachengeteka yepamhepo (7). Kutevedzera uku kunogona kusanganisira mamiriro ekuongorora chirwere, zvirongwa zvekurapa, uye maitiro ekushanda nemaoko.
a) Mapuratifomu ekudzidza anochinjika anoshandisa maalgorithms ehungwaru hwekugadzira kugadzirisa zviri mudzidzo zvichienderana nekufambira mberi, maitiro ekudzidza uye mashandiro evadzidzi vega vega. Mapuratifomu aya anogona kupa bvunzo dzakagadzirirwa ivo pachavo, mamodule ekudyidzana, uye zviwanikwa zvakanangana nezvinodiwa zvekudzidza.
b) Mashandisirwo ehungwaru hwekugadzira anogona kuongorora mifananidzo yekuongorora, senge ma x-ray kana mafirimu emukati memuromo, uye kupa mhinduro nekukurumidza pamusoro pehunyanzvi hwevadzidzi hwekududzira. Izvi zvinobatsira vadzidzi kuvandudza kugona kwavo kuongorora zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zvemuromo.
c) Mashandisirwo ekushandisa zvinhu zvemagetsi (virtual) uye zvemagetsi (augmented reality) zvinotsigirwa nehuchenjeri hwekugadzira zvinhu zvinogadzira ruzivo rwekudzidza rwakadzama. Vadzidzi vanogona kudzidza mamodheru e3D ane ruzivo rwakadzama rwemaumbirwo emazino, kutaura nevarwere vemagetsi, uye kuita maoparesheni munzvimbo yekiriniki inoedzeswa.
d) Unyanzvi hwekugadzira hunotsigira kudzidza kure nekupa mapuratifomu ekudzidzisa kure. Vadzidzi vanogona kutora chikamu muzvidzidzo zvepamhepo, mawebhusaiti uye hurukuro dzekubatsirana. Zvinhu zveAI zvinogona kusanganisira kunyora otomatiki, maQ&A chatbots, uye analytics yekubatanidzwa kwevadzidzi.
e) Makambani etekinoroji ari kushanda pamwe chete nevanopa hutano nemayunivhesiti kuti vape zvedzidzo kuburikidza nemapuratifomu avo. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira zvinyorwa, mavhidhiyo, uye zviwanikwa zvinobatanidza zvinofukidza misoro yakasiyana-siyana yemazino neyekurapa. Semuenzaniso, Coursera inopa Frontiers in Dental Medicine and Dentistry kubva kuYunivhesiti yePennsylvania, Dentistry 101 kubva kuYunivhesiti yeMichigan, uye Dental Materials kubva kuYunivhesiti yeHong Kong. MIT OpenCourseWare inopa mukana wemahara wekuwana makosi eNeuroscience nezvimwe.
f) Chekupedzisira, Khan Academy inopa makosi akawanda emahara emazino anofukidza misoro yakadai seanatomy yemuromo, zvinhu zvemazino, uye makosi esainzi ekutanga anowanzo pihwa nezvikoro zvekurapa nemazino.
Chimwe chinoreva kupa rubatsiro rwemazino kuburikidza neindaneti, rusingapindi muropa. Kurapa mazino kuburikidza neindaneti kwave nzira yekurapa mazino nguva dzose.
Sezvo nzira dzakawanda dzekudzivirira mazino dzichiramba dzichinyanya kupindira, panenge pasisina chikonzero chekuti vanachiremba vemazino vaite matanho ese aripo parizvino mumahofisi emazino. Vamwe vanopa hutano vakaita sevanochenesa mazino, vanochenesa mazino vane hunyanzvi hwepamusoro, vanorapa mazino, vanorapa mazino uye kunyange vadzidzisi, vanachiremba, vanorapa mazino nevabereki vachakwanisa kupa rubatsiro rusingapindi, zvichiita kuti kurapwa kwemazino kusapindike. Kana kurapwa kwemazino (fluoride, zvinochenesa mazino, zvinonamira mazino, zvinodzivirira muromo, nemishonga yekurwadziwa) zvikasvika mumasherufu ezvitoro zvinotengeswa kunze kwechitoro, mamwe mabasa anogona kupihwa nevanopa rubatsiro vepakati uye kunyange vasiri nyanzvi.
Pakupedzisira, inyaya yenguva chete kuti vanhu vasave vechitendero uye vezvekurapa mazino vauye pamwe chete kuti vape rubatsiro rwemazino rusingakuvadzi chero nguva, chero kupi.
Chimwe chinhu chiri kukonzera kudzidziswa kwemazino nekuchengetedzwa kwemazino kubatanidzwa kwebig tech nekushandiswa kwehungwaru hwekugadzira mukudzidziswa kwemazino nekuchengetedzwa. Makambani makuru etekinoroji anowanzo shanda pamwe chete nemasangano ezvehutano, masangano asingabatsiri, nemasangano edzidzo kusimudzira zvirongwa zvedzidzo yezvekurapa. Makambani makuru akati wandei etekinoroji ari kufarira kushandisa mapuratifomu avo netekinoroji kupa ruzivo, zviwanikwa uye zvedzidzo zvine chekuita nehutano hwemuromo nehwese. Mienzaniso inosanganisira:
a) Makambani etekinoroji anogadzira nekusimudzira maapplication ane chekuita nehutano nemapuratifomu anopa zvedzidzo pamusoro penyaya dzakasiyana dzehutano. Maapplication aya anogona kupa ruzivo rwehutano hwemuviri, kuteedzera kunwa mvura, kuyeuchidza vashandisi kukwesha mazino avo, kupa mazano akajairika ekuchengetedza hutsanana hwemuromo, uye kupa mazano ekuonana nemazino kana mazano ehutano hwemuromo. Muchidzidzo cheMedline cha2022, Thurzo et al. (8) vakawana kuti zvidzidzo zvemazino zvine chekuita nehuchenjeri hwekugadzira zvaisanganisira radiology 26.36%, orthodontics 18.31%, general volume 17.10%, prosthodontics 12.09%, kuvhiyiwa 11.87%, uye dzidzo 5.63%.
b) Shandisa huchenjeri hwekugadzira kugadzira vabatsiri vehutano vanopa ruzivo rwehutano rwakasiyana uye mazano. Mashandisirwo ehuchenjeri hwekugadzira akagadzirwa nemakambani etekinoroji anoratidza vimbiso yekuongorora nekuongorora mifananidzo yemazino. Semuenzaniso, maalgorithms ehuchenjeri hwekugadzira anobatsira kuongorora maX-ray emazino akadai seX-rays uye CBCT scans kuti vaone mamiriro akadai sekuora kwezino, chirwere cheperiodontal uye kusagadzikana. Anovandudzawo kujeka kwemifananidzo yemazino, zvichibatsira vanachiremba vemazino kuona zvinhu zvakajeka uye kuongorora chirwere nemazvo.
c) Saizvozvowo, maalgorithms ehungwaru hwekugadzira anoongorora data rekiriniki, kusanganisira kudzika kwekuongorora periodontal, kuzvimba kwemazino (9) nezvimwe zvinhu zvakakosha, kufanotaura nekuongorora chirwere cheperiodontal. Muenzaniso wekuongorora njodzi unoshandiswa neAI unoongorora data remurwere, kusanganisira nhoroondo yekurapa, mararamiro uye mhedzisiro yekiriniki, kufanotaura njodzi yekurwara nezvirwere zvemuromo. Parizvino, mamodheru ehungwaru hwekugadzira anoda kuvandudzwa kwakawanda kuti aongorore kurasikirwa kwemapfupa eperiodontal (10).
d) Imwe mukana ndeyekushandisa njere dzekugadzira zvirongwa zvekurapa mazino ne orthognathic surgery (11) kutevera kufamba kwezino nekugadzirazve mamodheru e3D digital (12) kubatsira kufanotaura kufamba kwezino uye kugadzirisa kuronga kufamba kwezino ne orthodontic. kuvhiyiwa (13).
e) Masisitimu ehungwaru hwekugadzira anoongorora mifananidzo inowanikwa achishandisa makamera emukati memuromo kana zvimwe zvishandiso zvemifananidzo kuti aone kusarongeka kana zviratidzo zvegomarara remuromo (14). Maalgorithms ehungwaru hwekugadzira akadzidziswa kuona nekuronga maronda emuromo, kusanganisira maronda, maronda machena kana matsvuku, uye maronda ane kenza (14, 15). Hungwaru hwekugadzira hunoshanda pakuongorora zvirwere, asi kana zvasvika pakuita sarudzo dzekuvhiya, kungwarira kunodiwa.
f) Mukurapa mazino evana, njere dzekugadzira dzinoshandiswa kuona maronda anokuvadza, kuvandudza kururama uye kushanda zvakanaka kwemifananidzo yekuongorora, kuvandudza kunaka kwekurapa, kutevedzera mhedzisiro, kufanotaura zvirwere zvemuromo, uye kukurudzira hutano (16, 17).
g) Unyanzvi hwekugadzira hunoshandiswa kugadzirisa kudzidzira nevashandi vepamhepo uye machatbots anoshandisa AI kubatsira kuronga nguva yekusangana uye kupindura mibvunzo yemurwere. Tekinoroji yekuziva kutaura inoshandisa AI inobvumira vanachiremba vemazino kuraira manotsi ekurapa, zvichideredza nguva yekunyora. Saizvozvowo, AI iri kufambisa hunyanzvi hwemagetsi kuburikidza nekugonesa kubvunzana vari kure, ichibvumira vanachiremba vemazino kuongorora varwere uye kupa mazano pasina chikonzero chekushanya pachavo.
Kuchinja kwedzidzo yemazino kunosanganisira kuchinja kubva pamuenzaniso wepakati kuenda kune nzira yekudyidzana uye tekinoroji. Kupatsanurwa kwedzidzo yemazino kuri pachena sezvo zvichizivikanwa kuti zvimwe zvikamu zvekudzidza zvinogona kupihwa zvinobudirira online uchishandisa simulations uye mhinduro dzakavakirwa pahungwaru hwekugadzira. Kusiya uku kubva pamuenzaniso wekare kunopikisa kudiwa kwekupa dzidzo yese panguva imwe chete pasi pedenga rimwe chete.
Zvakafuridzirwa nemuenzaniso wekudzidziswa kwevatyairi vendege, zvirimo zvedzidzo yemazino mune ramangwana zvinogona kuendeswa kunzvimbo dzehunyanzvi hwetekinoroji, zvakafanana nezvinoitwa nePrometric sites mukuyedza. Kugadziriswa uku kunoreva kuti vadzidzi havachazofanira kutanga nekupedzisa rwendo rwavo rwedzidzo ne "vadzidzi vekirasi" vakaganhurirwa. Pane kudaro, purogiramu yakagadzirirwa ichagadzirwa zvichibva pakubudirira kwehunyanzvi hwakati. Hunyanzvi uhwu huchave hwakatarisana nemurwere kwete nevadzidzi uye huchave hwakavakirwa panguva, sezvazviri ikozvino.
Kunyangwe dzidzo yekiriniki ichiri kuda ruzivo rwekuita, chimiro chakasimba cheboka hachichadiwi. Vadzidzi vanogona kuita zvinhu izvi panguva dzakasiyana, munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzekiriniki, uye mumapoka akasiyana. Dzidzo yepamhepo ichatonga zvikamu zvekudzidzisa uye zvepamberi pekiriniki, ichisimbisa kushanduka-shanduka kuburikidza nekudzidza kusingaenderane. Kusiyana neizvi, chikamu chekiriniki chichava nechimiro chakasanganiswa, chinosanganisa zviitiko zvemuviri nezvinhu zvepamhepo.
Hunhu hwemhando iyi yedzidzo yakaganhurirwa, yakasanganiswa, yakabatana uye isina kuenzana hunounza mabhenefiti makuru ehupfumi kuvadzidzi. Panguva imwe chete, zvinobatsira kuderedza mabasa echinyakare evadzidzisi vechikoro chemazino, vashandi, nevatungamiriri uye kuongororazve nzvimbo inodiwa. Saka, remangwana redzidzo yemazino richave rakavakirwa pamhando inoshanduka uye inoshanda inoenderana nezvinodiwa nevadzidzi neindasitiri.
Muenzaniso uyu unongova nzira imwe chete yekuwana kushanda zvakanaka kwedzidzo yemazino; ongororo yakazara inofanira kusanganisira mari yese uye hurefu hwedzidzo yekoreji neyemazino. Kuderedza nguva yedzidzo yepasi rose kunogona kuderedza mari inogona kubhadharwa. Semuenzaniso, tsika iripo yekugamuchira vadzidzi mushure megore rekutanga rekoreji kune chikamu chidiki chevadzidzi inogona kukonzera kudzikira uku. Pamusoro pezvo, hurefu hwedzidzo yemazino hunogona kupfupikiswa nekuita kuti mamwe makosi esainzi ekutanga ave echisungo. Imwe nzira yekuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka, kuchengetedza nguva, uye kuderedza mari ndeyekubatanidza DDS nedzidzo yepamusoro.
Mumakore gumi apfuura, bazi rezvehutano rakaona kuwedzera kwekubatanidzwa uye kutengwa kweinishuwarenzi yehutano, masevhisi ekurapa, zvitoro zvemaketani nema pharmacy. Maitiro aya akatungamira pakuonekwa kwe "microclinics," iyo inopa rubatsiro rwakakwana rwekudzivirira munzvimbo dzakawanda. Vatengesi vakuru vakaita seWalmart neCVS vakabatanidza mazino mumakiriniki aya, vachihaya nyanzvi kuti dzipe rubatsiro rwakareruka rwekuvhiya nekudzivirira, vachipikisa nzira dzechinyakare dzekubhadhara mari.
Kubatanidza mabasa emazino muhurongwa hwehutano hwakakura kunogona kuchinja mukana wekuwana hutano nekupa mabasa ehutano akazara, anosanganisira kurapwa kwekudzivirira, majekiseni, mishonga inonyorerwa nachiremba, uye hutano hwemuromo, nemutengo wakaderera. Mabasa akareruka anowedzera kune maitiro ekubhadharisa uye kubatanidzwa kweruzivo rwevarwere pakati pevanopa hutano.
Makiriniki aya anochinja ari kusimbisa kudzivirira uye hutano hwakakwana, kunyanya sezvo mari yeinishuwarenzi ichichinja kuenda kuongororo dzinobva pamhedzisiro, ichichinja mashandiro ehutano uye ichikurudzira nzira yakazara yekurarama zvakanaka kwevarwere. Panguva imwe chete, kubatanidzwa kwekutarisira mazino pamwe nekukura kwemabasa madiki zvinogona kushandura vanachiremba vemazino kuva vashandi kwete varidzi vemabasa vakazvimiririra.
Nekuwedzera kukuru kwevanhu vakwegura, rimwe rematambudziko makuru anotarisana nekiriniki yemazino rava kuda kumuka. Kana ukanyatsoongorora kubva kuvanhu vane mamiriyoni makumi mashanu nemanomwe vekuAmerica vane makore makumi matanhatu nemashanu zvichikwira muna 2022, huwandu hwevanhu vekuAmerica vari muboka rimwe chete rezera hunotarisirwa kusvika mamiriyoni makumi masere panosvika 2050, zvichienderana nekufungidzira kweUS Census Bureau. Izvi zvakaenzana nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwevanhu vakuru pakati pe5% yevanhu vese vekuUS (18). Sezvo huwandu hwevanhu huchichinja, kuwedzera kwakafanana kwehuwandu hwemaronda emuromo muvanhu vakuru kunotarisirwa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti pane kudiwa kuri kukura kwemabasa emazino anonyatso gadzirisa zvinodiwa zvehutano hwemuromo hwevakuru vakuru (19, 20).
Vachitarisira kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji, vanachiremba vemazino veramangwana vanotarisirwa kupa masisitimu ekurapa anosanganisira masevhisi ari kure uye musanganiswa wekurapa nefoni uye kutaurirana chiso nechiso. Kuchinja kuri kuita mamiriro ekurapa kunoratidza shanduko kuenda kuhutano hwezvinhu zvipenyu, hwemamorekuru, uye hwemunhu (Mufananidzo 1). Kuchinja uku kunoda kuti nyanzvi dzehutano dziwedzere ruzivo rwavo rwezvinhu zvipenyu uye dzibatanidzwe zvakanyanya nekufambira mberi kwesainzi.
Nzvimbo iyi inochinja zvinhu inovimbisa kubatsira pakugadzirwa kwehunyanzvi hwemazino, nevanorapa mazino emukati, vanachiremba vemazino, vanachiremba vezvirwere zvemuromo, vanachiremba vemazino uye vanachiremba vemazino vachitungamira mukushandiswa kwekurapa mazino ekugadzirisa mazino. Kuchinja uku kunoenderana nemaitiro akakura ekutarisira mazino nenzira dzakaoma uye dzakasarudzika.
Hapana ane simba rekufungidzira ramangwana. Zvisinei, kumanikidzwa kubva kumari yedzidzo, kubatanidzwa kwemakambani ekurapa, uye kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji kuchawedzera mumakumi emakore anotevera, zvichipa dzimwe nzira dzakachipa uye dzinoshanda kupfuura dzidzo yemazino iripo. Panguva imwe chete, kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji mukurapa mazino kuchapa mikana inoshanda, isingadhuri uye yakakura yekudzivirira nekutarisira.
Zvinyorwa zvepakutanga zvakaratidzwa muchidzidzo ichi zvinosanganisirwa munyaya/zvinyorwa zvekuwedzera, mibvunzo yakawanda inogona kuendeswa kumunyori anoenderana nazvo.
Nguva yekutumira: Chikunguru-05-2024