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Chidzidzo ichi chakaongororwa kusiyana-siyana kwematunhu mune zveruzivo rwemukati morphology uchishandisa geometric homology modhi zvichibva pane scan data kubva kune mapoka ane gumi nemashanu kubva munyika 148 kutenderera nyika. Iyi nzira inoshandisa template yakakodzera tekinoroji yekugadzira homologous meshes nekuita isingashandise shanduko yekushanduka ichishandisa iyo Intive Pedyo Algorithm. Nekushandisa Zvikuru Mukuru kuongorora kune iyo 342 yakasarudzwa Homologous Models, shanduko huru muhukuru hwese yakawanikwa uye yakasimbiswa zvakajeka padhuze neSouth Asia. Musiyano wechipiri mukuru wekureba kuupamhi hwehurongwa hweNeurocranium, achiratidza musiyano uripo pakati pemakona akareba eAfrica neConvex Sculls yeStheast Awenyeredzi. Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti izvi zvinongedzo zvine chekuita nekutarisa kumeso. Maonero anozivikanwa echiso senge matama ekuratidzira ari kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAsia uye akaomesesa magetsi maxillary mumaEurope. Uku kuchinja kwechiso kwakanyatsoenderana neContour ye dehenya, kunyanya iyo degree rekuda kwemapfupi uye occipital mapfupa. Allometric mapatani akawanikwa mune yechinyakare miyero yehukama kusvika pakukura kweScoull; Muzvikamu zvakakura izvo zviso zvakakwirira zvinowanzo kuve kwenguva refu uye zvishoma, sezvakaratidzwa mune dzakawanda maNative America uye kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAsia. Kunyangwe kudzidza kwedu kusingabatanidze data pane zvematare zvemamiriro ekunze izvo zvinogona kukanganisa morphology, yakadai seti yemamiriro ekunze, gadziriro yedata yezano
Nhengo dzeGeographical muchimiro che dehenya hwevanhu zvakadzidzwa kwenguva yakareba. Vazhinji vaongorori vakaongorora kusiyana-siyana kweanosiyana neyakatipoteredza kuwirirana uye / kana zvakasarudzika zvakasarudzika, zvine chekuita nenyama 13.. Uyezve, zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakanyatsotarisa pamhedzisiro, genetic Drift, Gumi Kuyerera, kana Stochastics Shanduro yeDeneka yakakonzerwa neAngal Gene Stuons14,10,10,10,10,10,10,28,22,23. Semuenzaniso, chimiro chechidimbu chevhu rakakura uye mupfupi wedenderedzwa rakatsanangurwa senzira yekusarudza kudzvanywa maererano neAllen Servers . Pamusoro pezvo, zvimwe zvidzidzo zvinoshandisa Bergmann's kutonga26 vatsanangura hukama pakati pehukuru hwekusvika uye tembiricha3,5,25,27, vachiratidza kuti saizi yakakura inowanzove yakakura munzvimbo dzinotonhora kudzivirira kupisa. Simba rekumanikidza kushushikana kwekunamata pane yekukura kweiyo cranial barault uye mafupa akavezwa kuti zvinhu zvekudya kana kusiyana kwevarimi uye muvhimi-vanoviga Tsananguro yakajairika ndeyekutsanangurwa kwekutsiva kudzvanywa kudzvanywa kunoderedza kuomarara kwemapfupa echiso uye mhasuru. Zvidzidzo zvinoverengeka zvepasirese zvakabatana neshasitull shuwa zvakanyanya kune iyo phenotypic mhedzisiro yechiitiko chekusarerekera kure kure kure kwekuenderana nemamiriro ekunze2,29,30,30,30,30,30,30,30,30,31,30,30,31,30,30,31,32. Imwe tsananguro yekushanduka mune skhull chimiro yakavakirwa pane iyo pfungwa yeIsometric kana Alwermetric kukura 6,33,32,35. Semuenzaniso, hombe hombe dzinowanzo kuve neyakafara kumberi lobes mune inonzi "dunhu reBroca", uye upamhi hwenzvimbo dzekutarisa dzinowedzera, iro rekushanduka-shanduka rinotariswa rakavakirwa pakukura kweAllometric. Uyezve, chidzidzo chekuongorora kwenguva refu mune scull chimiro chakawana fungidziro tsika yeBrachycephaly (iyo tsika yedhudhi kuti iwedzerwe spherical) nekuwedzera kukwirira33.
Nhoroondo refu yekutsvaga muCranial Morphology inosanganisira kuedza kuziva zvinhu zvinokonzeresa zvinhu zvakasiyana siyana zvezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvimiro zvebato. Nzira dzechinyakare dzinoshandiswa muzvidzidzo zvakawanda zvekutanga dzaive dzakavakirwa pamitsetse yekuyera chiyero, kazhinji ndichishandisa martin kana Howell tsanangudzo30,37. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvakawanda zvataurwa zvataurwa pamusoro apa zvakashandiswa zvimwe nzira dzepamberi zvichienderana nespatial 3d geometric morphemetry (gm) tekinoroji (gm) tekinoroji 39. Semuenzaniso, iyo inotsvedza yeSemilandarmark nzira, zvichienderana nekukotama simba kuderedzwa, rave iri nzira inowanzo shandiswa inoshandiswa mu transgenic biology. Iyo Projects semi-landmarks yeiyo template pane imwe neimwe sampula nekutsvedza pamwe chete nekonzo kana pamusoro38,44,44,45,46. Kusanganisira nzira dzekukurukurirana dzakadaro Nenzira imwe chete, iyo plate yakatetepa spline (TPS) 48,49 nzira inoshandiswawo zvakanyanya seyisiri-yakaoma shanduko yekuchinja kweMepu yeMepu Semilandmarmarmarmark egh-based maumbirwo emamita.
Nekuvandudzwa kwedanho reKubatsira kwe33 Scan data yakashandiswa kubvisa zviyero zvemuviri, izvo zvinoda kutsanangura zvimiro zvemukati sekaseti pane mamiriro ezvinhu. Platting yakakodzera maitiro akagadziridzwa nechinangwa ichi mumunda wekombuta mifananidzo, ipo chimiro chechiso chinotsanangurwa ne polygonal mesh modhi. Nhanho yekutanga mune yepamhepo yakakodzera kugadzirira mesh modhi kushandisa se template. Mamwe emidziyo anogadzira maitiro emhando. Iyo template inobva yashungurudzika uye yakabatana kune iyo pamusoro kuti ideredze chinhambwe pakati peiyo template uye iyo nzvimbo yegore ichichengetedza chimiro chemoyo yetemplate. Masaini mumakemikari anoenderana nekukasira munzvimbo yegore. Kushandisa template yakakodzera, ese scan data inogona kutsanangurwa seye mesh modhi neiyo nhamba yakafanana yedata mapoinzi uye iyo topology yakafanana. Kunyangwe hazvo homurogiramu chaiyo iripo munzvimbo dzinongova munzvimbo dzenzvimbo, inogona kufungidzirwa kuti kune vanhu vengarava pakati pemhando dzakagadzirwa kubva pakuchinja kwejomhu kwetenga. Naizvozvo, mienzaniso yemifananidzo yakagadzirwa ne template yakakodzera dzimwe nguva inonzi homology models52. Mukana weTemplate yakakodzera ndeyekuti template inogona kuremara uye yakagadziridzwa kune dzakasiyana zvikamu zvechirongwa zviri padyo neiyo (semuenzaniso, iyo zygomatic arch uye iyo temponed dunhu) pasina kukanganisa imwe neimwe zvimwe. deformation. Nenzira iyi, template inogona kuchengetedzwa kuti ibate zvinhu zvakaita se torso kana ruoko, nefudzi munzvimbo yakamira. Iko kushushikana kwe template yakakodzera mutengo wepamusoro wekukweretwa kwekudzokororwa kwekudzokorora, zvisinei, nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kwakakosha mukuita kwemakomputa, izvi hazvisisiri nyaya. Nekuongorora maitiro ekurongedza emidziyo inogadzira iyo mesh model ichishandisa ongororo dzakakura inogona kugamuchirwa. Kuverenga uye kusvinudza53. Nowadays, mesh models generated by template fitting are widely used in shape analysis in various fields52,54,55,56,57,58,59,60.
Kufambira mberi mukushanduka meshdza tekinoroji, pamwe nekukura nekukurumidza kwezvinhu zvinotakurisa 3D scanning tyinning yekugadzirisa, kukurumidza kupfuura ct, vari kuita kuti zvive nyore kunyora 3 3D Nekudaro, mumunda weBigial anthropology, matekinoroji matsva akadaro anowedzera kugona uye akaongorora maitiro emunhu, kusanganisira kufungidzira kweshanje, icho chiri chinangwa chechidzidzo ichi.
Mukupfupikisa, iyi ongororo inoshandisa Advanced 3D HOMOLY modeling tekinoroji zvichienderana neTemplate inoenderana (Mufananidzo 1) Kuti uongorore mitezo 342 SEPLOPON Kusiyana kweCranial Morphology (Tafura 1). Kuti uzive shanduko mune skhull morphology, takanyorera PCha uye anogamuchira kushanda kwehunhu (roc) kuongorora kune iyo data seti yeiyo homology muenzaniso we homology yatinagadzira. Zviwanikwa zvichaita kuti unzwisise zviri nani shanduko dzepasi rose mune cranial morphology, kusanganisa maitiro ematunhu uye kuderera kwekuchinja, zvakaunganidzwa pakati pezvikamu, uye kuvapo kwemamwe maitiro aAllometric. Kunyangwe ichi chidzidzo chisingaitwe data pane extrinsic akasiyana-siyana mumamiriro ekunze anomirirwa nemamiriro ekunze ayo anokwanisa kuita zveCronial morphology, economechanical, uye genetic zvinhu zvemusiyano zvetsika.
Tafura 2 inoratidza eigenvayes uye PCA mupiro coefficients inoshandiswa kune isina kugadzikana Dataset ye 17,709 vertices (53,127 xyz inoronga) ye 342 homologous descull mhando. Nekuda kweizvozvo, gumi nevaviri zvikamu zvakazivikanwa, mupiro wekuti hwakazara mutsauko waipfuura 1%, uye chikamu chakazara chevakasiyana chaive 83.68%. Zvivakwa zvekutakura zvinhu gumi nemana zvakatemwa
Ichi chidzidzo chakaongorora zvikamu zvipfumbamwe zvine mipiro zvakakura kupfuura 2%, zvimwe zvacho zvinoratidza zvakakura uye zvakakosha zvivakwa zveGeographic mune cranial morphology. Mufananidzo 2 Plots curves yakagadzirwa kuongororwa kweRoc kuratidza iyo inonyanya kushanda yePComs yekuenzanisa kana kupatsanura kwega kwemasampuji exicific zvikamu (semuenzaniso, pakati peAfrica nyika neAfrica). Iyo polynesian yakasanganiswa haina kuedzwa nekuda kweiyo diki sampuli saizi inoshandiswa mune iyi bvunzo. Data nezve kukosha kwemisiyano muAuc uye mamwe manhamba ekutanga akaverengerwa uchishandisa roc ongorora inoratidzwa mune yekuwedzera tafura S3.
Roc Curves akaiswa kune mapfumbamwe makuru ehukama anofungidzira zvichibva pane vertex dataset inosanganisira 342 echirume homologous skull mhando. AUC: Nzvimbo pasi peiyo curve pa 0.01% kukosha kwakashandiswa kusiyanisa yega yega geographic kusanganiswa kubva kune mamwe masanganiswa ese. TPF ichokwadi yakanaka (inoshanda rusarura), FPF inhema yakanaka (rusaruro rusina kusarudzika).
Dudziro yeRoc Curve inopfupika pazasi, kutarisa chete pazvinhu izvo zvinogona kusiyanisa mapoka ekuenzanisa nekuve nehukuru kana hwakakura huchi uye hwakanyanya hwehunhu hwakakosha nekwaniso ine 0.001. Maodzanyemba eSouth. Chinhu cheAfrican yakaoma (fig. 2b) izere iucmo yakakura yePC2 (0.834). Austro-Melanesia (Fig. 2c) yakaratidza maitiro akafanana kuSub-Saharan Africans kuburikidza nePC2 ine yakakura AUC (0.759). European (fig. 2d) zvakajeka zvakasiyana mubatanidzwa wePC2 (AUC = PCEC = iyo NOCCE SAMA SAMPLE (Fig. 2e) inosiyana zvakanyanya kubva PC4, ine chikamu yakakura 0,714, uye mutsauko kubva PC3 haina kusimba (AUC = 0.688). Mapoka akatevera akaonekwawo neyakagadziriswa eluces uye yepamusoro kukosha kwePC7 (AUC = 0.679) uye PC1 (AUC = TAC1 Hunhu hune hukama nezvinhu izvi, Southeast Asia (Fig. 2G) Yakasarudzika PC3 (AUC = PC9 (ACCE SAMPLE kubva kuMiddle East (Fig. 2h) (kusanganisira North Africa) yakaenderana. Kuenzaniswa nevamwe hapana mutsauko wakawanda.
Mune inotevera nhanho, nzvimbo dzekunyepedzera dzakakura kwazvo, nzvimbo dzepamusoro dzakateedzana dzakakura kupfuura 045 dzakapetwa ne x, y, sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo 3. Iyo nzvimbo tsvuku inoratidza kuwirirana zvakanyanya ne X-axis inoronga, iyo inoenderana nekutya kwakatwasuka. Dunhu reGreen rakanyatsoenderana neiyo yakarongedzwa kuronga kweiyo y axis, uye nzvimbo yerima yebhuruu yakabatanidzwa zvakanyanya neiyo Sagittal kuronga kweZ axis. Iyo Light yebhuruu dunhu rinosanganiswa neiyo ye yhoronga axes uye iyo z kuronga deordinate axes; pink - yakasanganiswa nzvimbo inosanganiswa neiyo x uye z kuronga matope; yero - nzvimbo yakabatana ne x uye y inoronga demo; Iyo chena nzvimbo ine X, y uye z kuronga axis yakaratidza. Naizvozvo, pane iyi mutoro kukosha chikumbaridzo, PC 1 inonyanya kushamwaridzana neyese pasi pe dehenya. Iyo 3 SD Virtual Scull chimiro pane rumwe rutivi rwechikamu ichi chinoratidzwawo mune ino nhamba, uye mifananidzo yakabiwa inoiswa mumavhidhiyo ekuwedzera
Frequency Kuparadzanisa PC1 Scores (yakajairika yakakodzera curve), Mepu yemugwagwa weShenji inoenderana nehukuru hwemativi ematunhu eiyi of 50 mm.
Mufananidzo 3 unoratidza frequency yekuparadzira zano Pamusoro peiyo roc curve fungidziro (Mufananidzo 2), Maodzanyemba eSouth Agenates kune imwe nhanho yakanyanya kuhukura kuruboshwe nekuti mapoka avo madiki pane iya mapoka ematunhu. Sezvinoratidzwa muTafura 1, aya maSouth Agens anomiririra mapoka emadzinza muIndia kusanganisira Andamani naNicoar Islands, Sri Lanka naBangladesh.
Iyo dimensional coefficient yakawanikwa paPC1. Kuwanikwa kwematunhu akakomberedzwa akanyanya uye vamiriri vechokwadi kwakakonzera kusimuka kwezvinhu zvimiro zvinhu zvezvinhu zvevhu kunze kwePC1; Nekudaro, saizi zvinhu hazviwanzo kubviswa zvachose. Sezvinoratidzwa nekuenzanisa iyo roc curves (Mufananidzo 2), PC2 uye PC4 yaive isingarariki, ichiteverwa nePC6 uye PC7. PC3 uye PC9 inoshanda kwazvo pakukamuranisa huwandu hwenyepedzeri mune zvikamu zve geographic. Saka, vaviri vaviri vechikamu axes vachiratidza kuzvidza zvinyorwa zvePC zviyero zvePC uye zvakanyatsoenderana nechikamu chezvikamu zvezvikamu zvakatarisana zve3 SD (maonde. 4, 5, 6). Iyo convex hull yekuvhara yemasampuli kubva kune yega yega geographic unit inomiririrwa mune idzi mapiritsi inenge 90%, kunyangwe paine imwe nhanho yekudarika mukati memasumbu. Tafura 3 inopa tsananguro yeChikamu chePCA imwe neimwe.
Scatterplots yePC2 uye PC4 Scores kune vanhu vechiCranial kubva kune mapfumbamwe gadziriso zvikamu (pasi pekodhi yemukati (pazasi), madhiri) Tsanangudzo yerudzi rwezasi Chikero ndeye yakasvibirira nzvimbo ine diamita ye50 mm.
Scatterplots yePC6 uye PC7 zviyero zveCranial vanhu vanobva kuGeographical Units (pazasi) Tsanangudzo yerudzi rwezasi Chikero ndeye yakasvibirira nzvimbo ine diamita ye50 mm.
Scatterplots yePC3 uye PCLES YEMADZIMAI KUTI FEE BEGERICE ZVIRI MUNYAYA (PAKUTI DZVANYENGETEDZA (Y, Z Axes) yeVertics Yakanyanya Kudururwa : cm. Rugwaro rwechokwadi), pamwe chete nemaonero ekugadzirisa mativi akatarisana neaya mahedhiyo ane hukuru hwe3 sd. Chikero ndeye yakasvibirira nzvimbo ine diamita ye50 mm.
Mugirafu inoratidzira zviyero zvePC2 uye PC4 (Fig. 4, SPLPLEMENARY Vhidhiyo S2, SEPPLEVE MERICE YAKAITWA PAKUTI ZVINOGONESWA KUTI TINOGONESESWA KUTI TINOGONESESWA PAKATI PC1 nekuti PC2 Kukoshesa iyo yakazara mutoro iri pasi pePC1.
Elongation of the Frontal uye occipital lobes muTagittal Direction pamwe neZ-Axis (yakasviba bhuruu) uye red) pink), green) uye zini) uye zinini yehuma (yakasviba yebhuruu). Iyi girafu inoratidza huwandu hwevanhu vese pasi rese; Nekudaro, apo ese ma samples anosanganisira nhamba yakakura yemapoka anoratidzwa pamwe panguva imwe chete, kududzirwa kwekuparadzira mapatani kwakaoma nekuda kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwekuwedzera; Naizvozvo, kubva pane mana makuru enzvimbo zvikamu (kureva, Africa, imbiso, Europe, uye samples, uye samples. Muchifananidzo, PC2 uye PC4 vari vaviri vaviri vezvikamu. MaAfrica uye Austro-Melanesia anodarika zvakanyanya uye anoparidzirwa akananga kurudyi, ivo vekuEurope vachipararira vakananga kuruboshwe uye kuchamhembe kwakadzama kweAsia vanowanzoita kusungira kuruboshwe. Iyo yakakomberedza axis yePC2 inoratidza kuti maAfrica / veAustralia melanesia vane kwenguva refu neurocranium kupfuura vamwe vanhu. PC4, umo iyo European uye kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAsia kupatsanurwa, kwakabatana nehukuru hwehukama uye kufungidzira kweziso rezygomatic uye yekupedzisira convarium. Chirongwa chekuroora chinoratidza kuti veEuropean vane zvakaringana maxillary uye zyelgomatic bongozi nzvimbo uye flatical yechidimbu . Iyo yekumberi lobe inoda, iyo chigadziko cheOccipital Bone anomutswa.
Paunenge uchitarisa paPC7 uye PC7 (Fig. 5) (ScPlementary Videos S4, ScPlementary Mavhidhiyo Ekukosha Chikumbaridzo Chekupedzisira kupfuura maxillary kana Alveolar Morphology girinhi). Y axis), tumpomer pfupa chimiro (bhuruu: y uye z axes) uye occipital bone chimiro (pink: x uye z axes). Pamusoro pehupamhi hwehupamhi (tsvuku: X-axis), PC7 Zvakare Correlates nekureba kweAnterior Maxillary Alveoli (G-Axis Musoro Ruzivo Runotenderedza Dunhu rePariotemal. Muvhimi wepamusoro wemufananidzo 5, ese gadziriso sampuli anogoverwa zvinoenderana nePC6 uye PC7 COMPOTI ZVAKAWANDA. Nekuti roc inoratidza kuti PC6 ine zvinhu zvakasarudzika kuEurope uye PC7 inomiririra Native maAmerican maficha mukuongorora uku, idzi mbiri dzematunhu sampuli dzakarongedzerwa pane ino chikamu chezvinhu zviviri zvemhando. MaNative Americanans, kunyange inosanganisirwa zvakanyanya mumuenzaniso, wakapararira mukona yekumusoro kuruboshwe; Kukurukurirana, vazhinji samples sampuli vanowanzove vari mukona yekurudyi kona. Iyo PAL PC6 uye PC7 inomiririra iyo yakasarudzika alveolar maitiro uye neurocranium yeEuropean, nepo maAmerican achizivikanwa nehuma yakatetepa, yakakura Maxilla, uye yakareba uye yakareba alveolar maitiro.
Kuongororwa kweRoc kwakaratidza kuti PC3 uye / kana PC9 zvaizivikanwa muSoutheast uye kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAsia. Saizvozvo, iyo mamaki pc3 (green yepamusoro kumeso pane y-axis) uye pc9 (green yepasi) (Fig. 6; , izvo zvinopesana zvakanyanya nehuwandu hwechiso chechiso chemabvazuva eArthees uye chimiro chakaderera chemagodhi wechiSoutheast Asia. Kunze kweichi chimiro chechiso, humwe hunhu hweimwe kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAsia ndiyo LAMMDA
Tsananguro iri pamusoro pechinhu chikuru uye tsananguro yePC5 uye PC8 yakasiyiwa nekuti hapana hunhu hwedunhu hwakawanikwa pakati pevapfumbamwe makuru enzvimbo. PC5 inoreva saizi yeiyo mastoid procone yeiyo tempone, uye PC8 inoratidza asymmetry yehupfumi hwetsoka, ese ari maviri ari maviri akasiyana pakati peiyo pfumbamwe dzeGeographic sampull.
Pamusoro pekuongorora kwemunhu wega-level pca zviyero, isu tinopawo maratidziro eboka zvinoreva kuenzanisa kwese. Kuti uite izvi, avhareji cranial romology modilogy yakagadzirwa kubva kune vertex data seti yemhando dzechekuita homanilogy kubva kumadzinza 148. Bivariate Zvirongwa zveChinyorwa chePC2 uye PC4, PC6 uye PC3 uye PC9 inoratidzwa muC1, ese akaverengerwa seyevavhare modhi yemuenzaniso wevanhu vegumi nemanomwe. Nenzira iyi, dengariti dzinovanza misiyano yemunhu wese mukati meboka rega rega, kubvumira kududzirwa kwakajeka kwekusagadzikana kwedunhu nekuda kwekugovaniswa kwematunhu, apo maPatterns anoenderana neairidzwa mumarongero emumwe munhu ane mashoma. Chimiro chekuwedzera S2 chinoratidza iyo yakazara zvinoreva muenzaniso kune yega yega geographic unit.
Kuwedzera kune PC1, iyo yaive yakabatana nehukuru hwese (yekuwedzera tafura s2), allometric hukama pakati pehukuru hwakawanda uye scull chimiro chakaongororwa mashandiro emukati uye seti yePCA fungidziro kubva kune isina kujairika data. Allometric Coefficients, inogara ichikoshesa, tese tsika, uye p kukosha kweiyo kukosha kunoratidzwa muTafura Scull Size
Nekuti zvimwe zvinhu zvevamwe zvinogona kuverengerwa muPC kufungidzira nezve data risingaperi seti, isu pc Scores dzakaverengerwa neCentroid size (PCA mhinduro uye seti seti ). , C7). Tafura 4 inoratidza mhedzisiro yekuongorora kweAllometric. Saka, zvakakosha maitiro emagetsi akawanikwa pa1% level muPC6 uye pa5% chikamu muPC10. Mufananidzo 7 unoratidza kudzikisira kwenzvimbo idzi dzevhu-linear hukama pakati pePC zviyero uye centroid size ine dummies (± 3 sd) pakupera kweiyo log centroid size. Iyo PC6 Score ndiyo chiyero chehukuru hwakareba uye upamhi hwe dehenya. Saizi saizi renguruve rinowedzera, dehenya uye rakatsvuka, uye huma, zvigadziko zvemaziso nemhino dzinowanzo kuve dzakaswedera pamwe chete. Iyo nzira yemuenzaniso inoparadzira inoratidza kuti iyi chikamu chinowanzo kuwanikwa mumasiriyoni veAsia uye maNative America. Zvakare, PC10 inoratidza maitiro akananga kuChidimbu kuderedzwa muMidfaeal yakaenzana pakureba kwepasinei nedunhu reGeographic.
Kune iyo yakakosha allometric hukama hwakaiswa patafura, iyo Linear Regention yePC chikamu cheChipimo divi rakatarisana nerutivi rwe4.
Iyo inotevera maitiro ekuchinja mune cranial morphology yakaratidzwa kuburikidza nekuongororwa kwemadheti emhando dzechekunyepedzera Chikamu chekutanga chePCA chinoita kuti urege kukura skull. Zvave nenguva yakareba ukafungidzirwa kuti madiki madiki eSouth Agens, kusanganisira kufungidzira kubva kuIndia, Sri Lanka uye neAndhaman Islands 27,62. Chekutanga chine chekuita nekudziya, uye yechipiri zvinoenderana nenzvimbo inowanikwa uye zviwanikwa zvekudya zvezvisikwa niche. Pakati pezvikamu zvechimiro, shanduko huru ndeyekureba kwehurefu uye upamhi hwenzvimbo yeCranial. Ichi chimiro, chakasarudzwa PC2, chinotsanangura hukama hwepedyo pakati pehukama hwakareba hweAustro-Melanesia nevaAfrica, pamwe nemisiyano kubva kune mamwe maEuropean uye kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAsia. Aya maitiro akashuma mune dzakawanda dzekare zvidzidzo zvichienderana nezviratidzo zviri nyore zveyero37,63,64. Uyezve, iyi hunhu hunobatana neBraachycephaly muAfrica muAfrican, iyo yakareba yakurukurwa muAnthropometric uye Osteometric Zvidzidzo. Iyo huru hypothesis kumashure kwetsananguro iyi ndeyekutsanangurwa kwetsananguro iyi, yakadai sekutetepa kweiyo tempolis tsandanyama, inoderedza dzvinyiriro pane yekunze scalp5,8,9,10,10,12,1313. Imwe hypothesis inosanganisira kuchinjika kune kutonhora kumamiriro ekunze nekudzikisira musoro nzvimbo, ichiratidza kuti yakawedzera scull scull inoderedza nzvimbo iri nani pane chimiro chechitima, maererano nemirau yaAlen16,17,25. Zvichienderana nemhedzisiro yekudzidza ikozvino, idzi hypotheses dzinogona kungoongororwa zvichienderana nekukanganiswa kwezvibodzwa zvezvikamu zvechikepe. Mukupfupikisa, yedu PCA mhinduro dzisinganyatso kutsigira hutsinye hwakareba hwekuwedzera-redhial rakakurudzirwa nekutsenga mamiriro, sePCCHYCEPEPOL Comppontions) uye nzvimbo yenzvimbo yeiyo temporal fossa (inoratidza huwandu hweshure remutsipa). Kudzidza kwedu kwazvino hakuna kuongorora hukama pakati pehuku chimiro uye magariro egweta akatwasirwa sekupisa; Nekudaro, tsananguro yakavakirwa pakutonga kwaAllen kungave kwakakodzera kufunga nezve hypothesis kutsanangura brachycelon mumamiriro ekunze anotonhora.
Kusiyana kwakakosha kwakazowanikwa muPC4, vachiratidza kuti kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAsia kuve nehukuru, kwakakurumbira maGygomatic mapfupa pane iyo Maxilla neZyegomatic Mapfupa. Kutsvaga uku kunoenderana neiyo chaiyo inozivikanwa hunhu hweSiberians, avo vanofungidzirwa kuti vakanyanya kutonhora mhirizhonga neyekufamba kweiyo ziygomatic mapfupa, zvichikonzera kuwanda kwematadzo uye kumeso kumeso 65. Kuwana kutsva kubva kune yedu yekunyepedzera muenzaniso ndeyekuti cheeksope muEuropean yakabatana neyakaderedzwa nzvimbo, pamwe neyekubhururuka uye yakamanikana occilital mapfupa uye nucchal concivity. Mukupesana, kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAsia kunowanzove nekutsvedza kwemagoma uye kwakasimudza matunhu eoccioni. Zvidzidzo zveOccipital Bone uchishandisa Geometric Morphometric Nzira5 dzakaratidza kuti maAsia uye European Spull ane cletter nuchal curve uye chinzvimbo chepasi cheiyo gadziriso yakaenzaniswa nevaAfrica. Nekudaro, yedu scatterplots yePC2 uye PC4 uye PC9 uye PC9 vaviri vaviri vakaratidza kusiyana kukuru muAsia, nepo veEuropean Kusavimbika muAsia hunhu pakati pezvidzidzo zvinogona kunge zvichikonzerwa nekusawirirana mumadzinza anoshandiswa, sezvatakamutsa huwandu hwemadzinza kubva kune yakafara mitezo yeiyo yekuchamhembe uye yeSoutheast Asia. Shanduko muchimiro cheiyo occipital pfupa kazhinji dzinowanzobatanidzwa nekuvandudzwa kwemaswe. Nekudaro, iyi tsananguro inoshandurwa haina kuzvidavirira kuenderana pakati pehupfumi uye yekugadzira chimiro, iyo yakaratidzwa muchidzidzo ichi asi hazviiti zvakaratidzwa zvizere. Mune izvi, zvakakodzera kufunga nezve hukama pakati pehuremu hwemuviri uye pakati pegomba kana cervicamo junction (forman magnum) kana zvimwe zvinhu.
Chimwe chinhu chakakosha nehuremu hukuru hune chekuita nekuvandudzwa kwemasitorati ekusimudzira, anomiririrwa neyexillary uye tempolary fosping Aya maitiro akaomeswa mune cranial zvikamu zvinoratidza vanhu veEuropean kupfuura chero rimwe boka. Ichi chimiro chakadudzirwa semhedzisiro yekudzikiswa kwekugadzikana kwechiso cheMorphology nekuda kwekutanga kwekurima uye zvekudya zvekutamba zvisingaiti pasina mashandiro emasimba asina masisitarati asina simba9,12,28,66. Sekureva kweiyo masticatory inoshanda hypothesis, 28 izvi zvinoperekedzwa nekushandurwa kwekuchinjika kwekushanduka kwesenti yetsiva kusvika kune imwe cranial cranial kona uye imwe nzvimbo yechigoma. Kubva mumaonero aya, vagari vekurima vanowanzove neane zviso zvekambani, zvishoma zvinopesana neiyo manyoro, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvakasarudzika. Naizvozvo, iyi defformation inogona kutsanangurwa neyekuzotaurwa neyakajairwa chimiro che dehenya reEuropean nedzinza rakadzikira matani. Nekudaro, maererano neichi chidzidzo, kududzira uku kwakaoma nekuti kukosha kwekushanda kwehukama hwepasi rose pakati peiyo nzira yekusimbisa isingagamuchiriki, sekufungidzirwa kwekududzira kwepamberi kwePC2.
Misiyano iri pakati pekuchamhembe kweAsia uye Southeast Allies inoratidzwa nemusiyano uripo pakati pechiso chakareba neyekutsvaira banga rechisimba uye kumeso kwepfupi necrown base, sezvakaratidzwa muPC3 uye PC9. Nekuda kwekushaikwa kweiyo geoecological data, kudzidza kwedu kunopa tsanangudzo shoma yekutsvaga uku. Tsananguro inogoneka ndeyekuchinjika kumamiriro ekunze akasiyana kana ehutano. Kuwedzera kune zvakasikwa kujairana, misiyano yemuno munhoroondo yehuwandu hwekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva uye Southeast Asia vakaendeswa zvakare. Semuenzaniso, kumabvazuva kweEurasia, miviri yemhando yemhando yepamusoro yave ichinzwisisa kuti unzwisise kuparadzwa kwevanhurume vanhu (AMH) zvichibva pane cranial morphetric data67,68. Maererano nemuenzaniso uyu, "wekutanga weti" , uye akazosangana nehuremu hwakakura hwekurwadzisa vanhu vekuchamhembe vekurima neNortheast Allian Hunhu (yechipiri Layer) mudunhu (anenge makore 4,000 apfuura). Gene kuyerera kwakasvika uchishandisa "maviri-layer ichangodiwa kuti inzwisise southeast cranial chimiro, inopiwa kuti southeast asian cranial chimiro inogona kutsamira muzvikamu zvekutanga zveumbozha.
Nekuongorora kufanana kwekunyepedzera uchishandisa geographic unit Vazhinji vakasiyana "kunze kweAfrica" mhando dzakakurudzirwa kutsanangura kugoverwa kwe AMF yakavakirwa pane yekupenga uye genomic data. Pane izvi, zvidzidzo zvichangobva kuitika zvinoratidza kuti amh colonization yenzvimbo dziri kunze kweAfrica dzakatanga angangoita makore 177,000 apfuura699,70. Nekudaro, iyo kureba kugoverwa kweAMF muEurasia panguva ino inoramba isina chokwadi, sezvo nzvimbo dzekugara dzezvinhu izvi zvekutanga dzinogumira kuMiddle East uye yeMediterranean pedyo neAfrica. Mhosva iri nyore pane imwe chete yekugadzirisa nzira yekufambisa kubva kuAfrica kuenda kuEurasia, inopfuura zvipingaidzo zvega seHimalayas. Mumwe muenzaniso unoratidza mafungu ekutama kwekutama, yekutanga yeiyo yakapararira kubva kuAfrica pamwe neIndia Ocean Coast kuenda kuSoutheast Asia neAustralia, uye ndokuzotambanuka kuEurasia. Zvizhinji zvezvidzidzo izvi zvinosimbisa kuti AMF yakapararira zvakanyanya kupfuura Africa makore makumi matanhatu apfuura. Pazvirevedzano izvi, muAustraalasian-Melanesia (kusanganisira Papulies) Sampuli dzinoratidza kufanana kwemasampuli eAfrica pane kune chero imwe nzvimbo yenyaya muzvikamu zvikuru zve homology. Kutsvaga uku kunotsigira hypothesis kune mapoka ekutanga eAMF pamwe chete neEndern Edassia yakamuka
Nezve Allometric kukura, kuongororwa uchishandisa chimiro chakasiyana kubva kune imwe data yakagadziriswa yakagadziriswa nehuremu hwekukura rakaratidzwazve muPC6 uye PC10. Zvikamu zvese zvine chekuita nechimiro chehuma uye zvikamu zvechiso, izvo zvinova zvishoma shuwa hwe dehenya rinowedzera. Kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAsia uye maAmerican vanowanzove neiyi ficha uye vane sculls yakakura. Iyi fundo inopesana yakambotaurwa Alvometric mapepa emahara ane huwandu hwevanhu vakakwiridzwa Misiyano iyi inotsanangurwa nemisiyano mumienzaniso seti; Kudzidza kwedu kuongorora maAllometric mapatani ehukuru hwekuita kwechikuru kuchishandisa vanhu vemazuva ano, uye fananidzira zvidzidzo zvinogadzirisa maitiro ekushanduka-famba mukushanduka kwevanhu zvine chekuita nehukuru hwehuropi.
Nezve chimiro chechiso, chidzidzo chimwe chete uchishandisa Biometric Data78 yakawana kuti chimiro chechiso uye saizi inogona kunge yakaunganidzwa, nepo chidzidzo chedu chakawana kuti sculls yakakura inowanzobatanidzwa neyerefu, yakatetepa zviso. Nekudaro, kubatana kweiyo biometric data haina kujeka; Kudzokorora bvunzo dzinoenzanisa kuSgengy Allometry uye Static Allometry inoratidza mhedzisiro dzakasiyana. Allometric tsika yakananga kune imwe spull dehenya chimiro nekuda kwekuwedzera kwakakwirira kwakataurwa zvakare; Nekudaro, isu hatina kuongorora kureba data. Kudzidza kwedu kunoratidza kuti hapana dhiri rekuratidzira kuwirirana pakati pekuwirirana pasi rose huwandu uye hwese cranial size pa se.
Kunyangwe kudzidza kwedu ikozvino hakuite nedata pane extrinsic kusarudzika kunomirirwa nemamiriro ekunze ekuti anokonzeresa morphology morphology quels anoshandiswa mune ino chidzidzo anobatsira kuongororwa morphologic morphological kusiyanisa kusiyana kwechiitiko. Zvinhu zvemhoteredzo zvakadai sekudya, mamiriro ekunze uye ane hutano, pamwe nemauto asina kwavakarerekera sekutama, kuyerera kwenyika uye genetic drift.
Iyi fundo yaisanganisira 342 fungidziro yehembe dzechirume dzinounganidzwa kubva ku148 mairi mu9 geographic Units (Tafura 1). Mazhinji mapoka emafuro emaitiro, nepo mamwe mapoka muAfrica, kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAsia uye maAmerican (akanyorwa muItalics) akatsanangurwa nenzira yehunhu. Zvizhinji zveCranial fungidziro dzakasarudzwa kubva kuCranial Kuyera Database zvinoenderana neyeMartin Cranial Kuyera Tsanangudzo yakapihwa na Tsunehiko Hanihara. Isu takasarudza mumiriri wechikadzi makomo kubva kumadzinza ese epasi. Kuti tizive nhengo dzeboka rega rega, takaverenga madaro euclidean zvichibva pamatanho makumi matatu nematanhatu kubva muboka rinoreva kuti vanhu vese veboka iro. Muzhinji, takasarudza samples 1-4 neiyo diki kure kure kubva kune zvinoreva (Supplementary tafura S4). Nemapoka aya, mamwe masampuli akasarudzwa zvisina mwero kana asina kunyorwa mudhishi reHarara Medical.
Kwekuenzanisa kwehuwandu, iyo 148 yehuwandu hwehuwandu dzakaiswa muzvikamu zvikuru zveGeographic, sezvakaratidzwa muTafura 1. "Boka re" Africa "rine samples kubva kuSaharan Dunhu. Fungidzira kubva kuchamhembe kweAfrica zvakaverengerwa mu "Middle East" pamwe chete nemafungidziro kubva kumadokero kweAsia nemamiriro akafanana. Kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAsia kunosanganisira chete vanhu vasiri veEuropean, uye boka reAmerica rinosanganisira chete maNative America. Kunyanya, boka iri rinogoverwa pamusoro penzvimbo huru yeNorth neSouth America makondinendi, munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana. Nekudaro, isu tinoona sampuro yeUS mukati meiyi nzvimbo imwecheteyo, yakapihwa nhoroondo yehuwandu hwevanhu vekuAmerica dzakatarisana nekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAsia, zvisinei nekufambisa kwakawanda 80.
Takarekodha 3D Surven data yeiyi nzira inosiyanisa sokemimens ichishandisa yakakwirira-rescution (einscan resolution Iyo mesh model inosanganisira vangangoita mazana maviri ezviuru ezviuru zvemitambo, uye software yaisanganisira inoshandiswa kuzadza maburi uye mipendero yakatsetseka.
Munhanho yekutanga, takashandisa scan data kubva kune chero skhull kugadzira imwe-template mesh dema modhi inosanganisira makumi mana nemakumi mana nemashanu (8728 polygonal zviso). Iyo base yedunhu dema Icho chikonzero ndechekuti zvimiro izvi dzimwe nguva zvisina kukwana kana kuti zvakaoma kupedzisa nekuda kwezvinhu zvakatetepa kana zvakatetepa zvakadai septtergoid nzvimbo uye styloid processes, kupfeka mazino uye / kana kusawirirana kwemeno. Iyo dehenya base yakakomberedza iyo Foramen Magnum, haina kuunganidzwa nekuti iyi inzvimbo yakakosha yenzvimbo yenzvimbo yechibereko uye kukwirira kwe dehenya kunofanirwa kuongororwa. Shandisa girazi rinorema kuti ugadzire template iyo iri symmetrical pamativi ese maviri. Ita isotropic Meshish kushandura maitiro ePolygonal kuti ave seyakaenzana sezvinobvira.
Inotevera, 56 masaini yakagoverwa kune iyo inotarisisa inoenderana vertices yeiyo template modhi uchishandisa HBM-Rugle Software. Zvirongwa zveLandmark Ongororo YEMAHARA uye Kugadzikana kweLandmark Kumisikidza uye kuve nechokwadi chekurara kwenzvimbo idzi mune yakagadzirwa yeiyo homology modelogy. Ivo vanogona kuzivikanwa zvichibva pane yavo chaiyo maitiro, sezvakaratidzwa muApplementary tafura s5 uye inowedzera nhamba S3. Sekureva kwechibvumirano chebhuku remabhuku81, mazhinji emidziyo iyi mhando iType i landmarks arikupindirana kwezvakarukwa zvitatu, uye mamwe manhamba II mashura ane mapoinzi ezvinyorwa. Mazhinji marobhoti akaendeswa kubva pane zvakatsihwa mapoinzi ezvekutaurwa nemartin
Iyo musoro-centric kuronga system yakatsanangurwa kutsanangura iyo scan data uye template, sezvakaratidzwa mukuwedzera nhamba S4. Iyo XZ ndege yakatsanangudza yakatarisana neyekupaza iyo yakakwira . . Iyo X axis ndiyo mutsara unobatanidza kuruboshwe uye kurudyi mativi, uye X + ndirwo rutivi rworudyi. Iyo YZ ndege inopfuura nepakati peiyo kuruboshwe uye kurudyi zvikamu uye midzi yemhino: y + kumusoro, z + kumberi. Iyo Reference Pfungwa (YAKABVUNZWA BHUKU RINONYANYA) RINOGONESWA PAKUTSIRWA CHETE CHEMA CHEMA
Isu takashandisa HBM-Rugle Software (Kyoto, kyoto, http://wew.caChigle Iyo CORE Software Chikamu Chekutanga Iyo inotevera software software shanduro (MHBM) 83 yakawedzera chikamu chePhepeti yakakodzera pasina masaini ekuvandudza kukodzera kuita. HBM-Rugle inosanganisa MHBM software ine mamwe mushandisi-ane hushamwari maficha kusanganisira kugadzirisa hurongwa hwekurongedza masisitimu uye kugadzirisa data yekuisa. The reliability of software fitting accuracy has been confirmed in numerous studies52,54,55,56,57,58,59,60.
Paunenge uchikwanira HBM-Rugle template uchishandisa landmarks, iyo template yemhando yepamusoro pane iyo tarisiro yeChigiri Wobva wasarudzika kusarongeka kweiyo mesh inoshandura template kune iyo tarisiro yekutarisa data. Maitiro aya akakodzera akadzokororwa katatu achishandisa maitiro akasiyana emakarati maviri akakodzera ekuvandudza chokwadi cheakakodzera. Imwe yeiyi paramende inogumira kureba pakati peiyo template modhi uye iyo inotarisirwa scan data, uye imwe yacho inoranga chinhambwe pakati pe template uye chinangwa masaini. Iyo yakarongedzwa template mesh model yaive yakazadzwa uchishandisa cyclic pain subdivision algorithm Pakupedzisira, iyo inoparadzaniswa template modhi yakakodzera kune iyo tarisiro yekutarisa data kuti igadzire iyo homology modelogy. Sezvo nzvimbo dzenzvimbo dzakasarudzika dzakasiyana neiyo dzinotarisirwa Scan data, iyo homology modhi yaive yakanaka-yakagadzirirwa kurondedzera ichishandisa nzira yekurongedza yemusoro inotsanangurwa muchikamu chapfuura. Iyo avhareji yekureba pakati pekuenderana inoenderana neyakajairana Model Landmarks uye chinangwa Scan data mune ese samples yaive <0.01 mm. Yakatarwa uchishandisa HBM-Rugle basa, iyo average kureba pakati peHomology Model data mapoinzi
Kuti utsanangure shanduko muCranial Morphology, 17,709 Vertices (53,127 xyz marongero) , Japan (mutengesi wekuparadzira: Mishamu engineering, Kyoto, http://www.revle.co.jp/). Isu takabva tamboedza kushandisa PCA kune isina kugadzirwa data set uye iyo data yakaiswa yakagadziriswa necentroid size. Saka, PCA yakavakirwa pane kusarambidzwa data kunogona kuratidza zvakajeka chimiro chenguva yeiyo pfumbamwe geographic mauniti uye fambisa dudziro inotsvaga data rakamira.
Chinyorwa ichi chinopa nhamba yekuvhunduka zvakakura zvikamu zvine mupiro weanopfuura 1% yeiyo yakazara kusiana. Kuti uone zvikamu zvakakosha zvinobudirira mumapoka akasiyana-siyana pane makuru enzvimbo zvikamu, anogamuchira kushanda kwehunhu (kuongororwa kweRoc) akaiswa chikamu chikuru (PC) ane mupiro mukuru kupfuura 2% 84. Kuongorora uku kunounza mukana wekutenderera kune imwe neimwe yePCA chikamu chekuvandudza maitiro ekugadzirisa uye nenzira kwayo kuenzanisa zvirongwa pakati peGeograph mapoka. Dhigirii rekusarura simba rinogona kuongororwa nenzvimbo iri pasi pe curve (AUC), uko PCO zvikamu zvine tsika dzakakura zviri nani kusarura mapoka. A-chi-mraba bvunzo yakazoitwa kuongorora iyo nhanho yakakosha. ROC Ongororo yakaitwa muMicrosoft Excel uchishandisa Bell Curve yeExcel Software (shanduro 3.21).
Kuti uzive nzvimbo dzeGeographic mune cranial morphology, scatterplots yakagadzirwa uchishandisa PC zviyero zvakanyatso kusiyaniswa mapoka kubva kuGreat geographic zvikamu. Kududzira zvinonyanya kukosha zvikamu, shandisa mepu yemavara kuti uone modem vertices iyo yakanyanya kuenderana nezvikamu zvinodiwa. Mukuwedzera, zvinonyorwa zvemigumo yeMitemo yeChinosimbe Axes iri pa × 3 standard kutsauka (SD) yeiyo yakakosha midziyo yezvikamu zvakaverengerwa uye yakapihwa muvhidhiyo yekuwedzera.
Allometry yakashandiswa kuona hukama pakati pe skhull chimiro uye size zvinhu zvinoongororwa muPCA kuongorora kwePCA. Ongororo yacho inoshanda kune zvakakosha zvikamu nemipiro> 1%. Imwe mhedzisiro yeiyi PCA iyo inogadzira zvinhu haigone kuratidza chimiro nekuti iyo isina-yakajairika data set haina kubvisa zvese zvakazara zvinhu. Kuwedzera pakushandisa zvisina kujairika data seti, isu zvakare tiongorore ongororo yemubatanidzwa tichishandisa PC chidimbu chinoenderana neyakajairika Centroid data size
Allometric Mafambiro akaedzwa uchishandisa equation y = AXB 85 uko chimiro kana chikamu chechikamu cheCentroid (X ndiyo siza yeCentroid (yakawedzera mari s2), a is a live is a live, uye b ndiyo ana allometric yekubatana. Iyi nzira chaiyo inosuma Allometric kukura zvidzidzo mu geometric morphemetry78,86. Iyo logarithmic shanduko yeiyi formula ndeye: Log y = B × Log x + log a. Kuongorora kwekudzokorora uchishandisa iyo madiki madiki nzira yakaiswa kuti uverenge a uye b. Kana y (centroid saizi) uye x (PC Scores) inoshandurwa zvine musoro, izvi zvinokoshesa zvinofanirwa kuve zvakanaka; Nekudaro, iyo seti yekufungidzira kwe x ine tsika dzisina kunaka. Semhinduro, taiwedzera kutenderedza kukosha kwechidiki chidiki chidimbu uye chimwe chikamu chimwe nechimwe chikamu chimwe nechimwe chikamu uye chakaisa logarithmic shanduko kune vese vakatendeuka zvidimbu zvakanaka. Iko kukosha kweAllometric coefficients yakaongororwa uchishandisa bvunzo mbiri dzemudzidzi. Aya manhamba ekuverenga kuti bvunzo aye allometric kukura kwakaitwa uchishandisa bhero curves muExcel software (shanduro 3.21).
Wolpoff, MH inokwanisika pamhino dzemhino dzeSkeleton. Ehe. J. PHOL. Vanhu. 29, 405523. https://doii.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330290315 (1968).
Beals, kl musoro chimiro uye kushushikana kwemamiriro ekunze. Ehe. J. PHOL. Vanhu. 37, 85-92. https://doii.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330370111 (1972).
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