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Chidzidzo ichi chakaongorora kusiyana kwenzvimbo muchimiro cheganda revanhu chichishandisa modhi yejometri yehomology yakavakirwa padata rescan kubva kumapoka emarudzi zana nemakumi mana nemasere pasi rose. Nzira iyi inoshandisa tekinoroji yekuisa template kugadzira homologous meshes nekuita shanduko dzisina kuomarara uchishandisa iterative nearest point algorithm. Nekushandisa principal component analysis kumamodheru mazana matatu nemakumi mana nemaviri akasarudzwa ehomologous, shanduko huru muhukuru hwese yakawanikwa uye yakasimbiswa zvakajeka kune dehenya diki kubva kuSouth Asia. Musiyano wechipiri mukuru ihurefu nehupamhi hwe neurocranium, zvichiratidza musiyano uripo pakati pedehenya refu reAfrica nedehenya dzakakombama dzeNortheast Asians. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti chinhu ichi hachina chekuita nechimiro chechiso. Zvimiro zvechiso zvinozivikanwa senge matama akabudikira muNortheast Asians uye mapfupa madiki muEurope zvakasimbiswazve. Kuchinja kwechiso uku kwakabatana zvakanyanya nechimiro chedehenya, kunyanya mwero wekukombama kwemapfupa epamberi neeoccipital. Mapatani e allometric akawanikwa muhuwandu hwechiso zvichienzaniswa nehukuru hwedehenya rose; Mumadehenya makuru, chimiro chechiso chinowanzova chakareba uye chakatetepa, sezvakaratidzwa kune vazhinji vekuAmerica vekuMaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAsia. Kunyangwe chidzidzo chedu chisina kusanganisira data pamusoro pezvinhu zvinokanganisa nharaunda zvinogona kukanganisa chimiro cheganda, senge mamiriro ekunze kana mamiriro ekudya, data rakakura remapatani eganda akafanana richabatsira mukutsvaga tsananguro dzakasiyana dzehunhu hwemapfupa.
Kusiyana kwenzvimbo muchimiro chedehenya remunhu kwave kuchidzidzwa kwenguva yakareba. Vaongorori vazhinji vakaongorora kusiyana kwekuchinja kwezvakatipoteredza uye/kana sarudzo yechisikigo, kunyanya mamiriro ekunze1,2,3,4,5,6,7 kana mashandiro ekutsenga zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvekudya5,8,9,10, 11,12. 13. . Pamusoro pezvo, zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakatarisa pamhedzisiro yebottleneck, genetic drift, gene flow, kana stochastic evolutionary processes inokonzerwa ne neutral gene mutations14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23. Semuenzaniso, chimiro chedenderedzwa che cranial vault chakafara uye chipfupi chakatsanangurwa sechinoenderana nekumanikidzwa kwakasarudzwa zvichienderana nemutemo waAllen24, uyo unofunga kuti mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzinoderedza kurasikirwa nekupisa nekuderedza nzvimbo yemuviri kana tichienzanisa nehuwandu2,4,16,17,25. Pamusoro pezvo, dzimwe ongororo dzinoshandisa mutemo waBergmann26 dzakatsanangura hukama huripo pakati pehukuru hwedehenya netembiricha3,5,16,25,27, zvichiratidza kuti hukuru hwese hunowanzova hukuru munzvimbo dzinotonhora kudzivirira kurasikirwa nekupisa. Simba remakemikoro ekudzvanya pakukura kweganda remusoro nemapfupa echiso rakakurukurwa maererano nemamiriro ekudya anokonzerwa netsika dzekubika kana mutsauko wekurarama pakati pevarimi nevavhimi8,9,11,12,28. Tsananguro yakajairika ndeyekuti kuderera kwekutsenga kunoderedza kuoma kwemapfupa echiso netsandanyama. Zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvepasi rose zvakabatanidza kusiyana kwechimiro chedehenya zvakanyanya nemhedzisiro yekuchinja kwemajini kwete kufambirana nezvakatipoteredza21,29,30,31,32. Imwe tsananguro yekuchinja kwechimiro chedehenya yakavakirwa papfungwa yekukura kweisometric kana allometric6,33,34,35. Semuenzaniso, uropi hukuru hunowanzova nemakona ekumberi akafara munzvimbo inonzi "Broca's cap", uye upamhi hwemakona ekumberi hunowedzera, maitiro ekushanduka-shanduka anotariswa zvichibva pakukura kweallometri. Pamusoro pezvo, chidzidzo chakaongorora shanduko dzenguva refu muchimiro chedehenya chakawana kuti allometrical katsika kekuenda kubrachycephaly (katsika kedehenya kekuita sedenderedzwa) nekukwirira kunowedzera33.
Nhoroondo refu yekutsvagisa pamusoro pechimiro cheganda remusoro inosanganisira kuyedza kuona zvinhu zviri pasi pemusoro zvinokonzeresa kusiyana kwemaumbirwo eganda remusoro. Nzira dzechinyakare dzakashandiswa muzvidzidzo zvakawanda zvepakutanga dzaive dzakavakirwa padata rekuyera mutsara webivariate, kazhinji vachishandisa tsananguro dzaMartin kana Howell36,37. Panguva imwe chete, dzakawanda dzezvidzidzo zvataurwa pamusoro apa dzakashandisa nzira dzepamusoro-soro dzakavakirwa pahunyanzvi hwe3D geometric morphometry (GM) 5,7,10,11,12,13,17,20,27,34,35,38. 39. Semuenzaniso, nzira yekutsvedza semilandmark, yakavakirwa pakuderedza simba rekukotama, ndiyo yave iri nzira inonyanya kushandiswa mu transgenic biology. Inoratidza semilandmarks yetemplate pane imwe neimwe sample nekutsvedza nepakona kana pamusoro38,40,41,42,43,44,45,46. Kusanganisira nzira dzakadai dze superposition, zvidzidzo zvakawanda zve3D GM zvinoshandisa generalized Procrustes analysis, iyo iterative nearest point algorithm (ICP) 47 kuti ibvumira kuenzanisa zvakananga kwemaumbirwo uye kubata shanduko. Neimwe nzira, nzira ye thin plate spline (TPS)48,49 inoshandiswawo zvakanyanya senzira yekushandura isina kuomarara yekubatanidza ma semilandmark alignments kune ma mesh-based shapes.
Nekugadzirwa kwemaskena e3D whole-body kubvira pakupera kwezana remakore rechi20, zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakashandisa maskena e3D whole-body ekuyera saizi50,51. Data rescan rakashandiswa kubvisa zviyero zvemuviri, izvo zvinoda kutsanangura maumbirwo epamusoro senzvimbo kwete makore enzvimbo. Kuisa mapatani inzira yakagadzirwa nechinangwa ichi mumunda wemifananidzo yekombuta, uko chimiro chenzvimbo chinotsanangurwa nemodhi ye polygonal mesh. Danho rekutanga mukuisa mapatani kugadzirira modhi ye mesh yekushandisa se template. Mamwe ma vertice anoumba patani ndiwo ma markmarks. Template yacho inozogadziriswa uye inofananidzwa nepamusoro kuderedza daro riri pakati pe template negore renzvimbo uku ichichengetedza chimiro chemunzvimbo ye template. Zviratidzo zviri mu template zvinoenderana nezviratidzo zviri mu point cloud. Uchishandisa template fitting, data rese rescan rinogona kutsanangurwa semodhi ye mesh ine nhamba yakafanana yemapoinzi edata uye topology yakafanana. Kunyangwe homology chaiyo iripo chete munzvimbo dzenzvimbo dzenzvimbo, zvinogona kufungidzirwa kuti pane homology yakajairika pakati pemamodhi akagadzirwa sezvo shanduko mu geometry yematemplate dziri diki. Saka, mamodheru egrid akagadzirwa ne template fitting dzimwe nguva anonzi ma homology models52. Chakanakira che template fitting ndechekuti template inogona kugadziriswa uye kugadziriswa kune zvikamu zvakasiyana zvechinhu chakanangana chiri pedyo nepamusoro asi kure nacho (semuenzaniso, zygomatic arch nenzvimbo yenguva yedehenya) pasina kukanganisana. Deformation. Nenzira iyi, template inogona kusungirirwa kuzvinhu zvakaita se torso kana ruoko, nefudzi riri panzvimbo yakamira. Dambudziko re template fitting nderekuti mutengo wepamusoro wekuverenga unodzokororwa, zvisinei, nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kukuru mukushanda kwekombuta, izvi hazvisisiri dambudziko. Nekuongorora ma coordinate values e vertices anoumba mesh model uchishandisa matekiniki e multivariate analysis akadai se principal component analysis (PCA), zvinokwanisika kuongorora shanduko muchimiro chese chepamusoro uye virtual shape pane chero chinzvimbo mukugoverwa. Verenga uye fungidzira53. Mazuva ano, ma mesh models akagadzirwa ne template fitting anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukuongorora chimiro munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana52,54,55,56,57,58,59,60.
Kufambira mberi muhunyanzvi hwekurekodha mesh inochinjika, pamwe nekukura nekukurumidza kwemidziyo inotakurika ye3D scanning inokwanisa kuskena ne resolution yepamusoro, kumhanya, uye kufamba kupfuura CT, kuri kuita kuti zvive nyore kunyora data re3D surface pasinei nenzvimbo. Saka, mumunda we biological anthropology, matekinoroji matsva akadaro anovandudza kugona kwekuverenga nekuongorora sampuli dzevanhu, kusanganisira sampuli dzedehenya, inova ndiyo chinangwa chechidzidzo ichi.
Muchidimbu, chidzidzo ichi chinoshandisa tekinoroji yepamusoro ye3D homology modeling yakavakirwa pakuenzanisa template (Mufananidzo 1) kuti iongorore 342 dehenya sampuli dzakasarudzwa kubva muvanhu 148 pasi rose kuburikidza nekuenzanisa kwenzvimbo pasi rose. Kusiyana kwe cranial morphology (Tafura 1). Kuti tiongorore shanduko mu skull morphology, takashandisa PCA uye receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis kune data set ye homology model yatakawana. Zvakawanikwa zvichabatsira pakunzwisisa zviri nani shanduko dzepasi rose mu cranial morphology, kusanganisira maitiro enzvimbo uye kurongeka kwekuchinja kushoma, shanduko dzakabatana pakati pezvikamu zve cranial, uye kuvapo kwe allometric trends. Kunyangwe chidzidzo ichi chisingataure nezve data pamusoro pe extrinsic variables inomiririrwa nemamiriro ekunze kana ekudya anogona kukanganisa cranial morphology, maitiro e geographic e cranial morphology akanyorwa muchidzidzo chedu achabatsira kuongorora zvakatipoteredza, biomechanical, uye genetic factors ye cranial variation.
Tafura 2 inoratidza eigenvalues uye PCA contribution coefficients zvakashandiswa kune data risingaenzaniswi re17,709 vertices (53,127 XYZ coordinates) yemamodeli e342 ehomologous skull. Nekuda kweizvozvo, zvikamu zvikuru gumi nezvina zvakaonekwa, mupiro wazvo kune huwandu hwese hwaive hunopfuura 1%, uye huwandu hwese hwehuwandu hwaive 83.68%. Mavector ekutakura ezvikamu zvikuru gumi nezvina akanyorwa muSupplementary Table S1, uye mamakisi ezvikamu akaverengerwa e342 skull samples anoratidzwa muSupplementary Table S2.
Chidzidzo ichi chakaongorora zvikamu zvikuru zvipfumbamwe zvine mipiro inopfuura 2%, zvimwe zvacho zvichiratidza musiyano mukuru uye wakakosha wenzvimbo muchimiro cheganda. Mufananidzo 2 makomba emifananidzo akagadzirwa kubva mukuongorora kweROC kuratidza zvikamu zvePCA zvinoshanda zvakanyanya pakutsanangura kana kuparadzanisa musanganiswa wega wega wesampuro pakati pezvikamu zvikuru zvenzvimbo (semuenzaniso, pakati penyika dzemuAfrica nedzisiri dzemuAfrica). Musanganiswa wePolynesia hauna kuyedzwa nekuda kwehukuru hudiki hwesampuro hwakashandiswa mukuyedza uku. Data maererano nekukosha kwemusiyano muAUC nedzimwe nhamba dzekutanga dzakaverengerwa uchishandisa kuongorora kweROC rinoratidzwa muSupplementary Table S3.
Makove eROC akashandiswa pakufungidzira kwezvikamu zvipfumbamwe zvikuru zvichibva padata re vertex rine mamodheru edehenya evarume mazana matatu nemakumi mana nemaviri. AUC: Nzvimbo iri pasi pekove iri pa 0.01% kukosha kwakashandiswa kusiyanisa musanganiswa wega wega wenzvimbo kubva kune mimwe misanganiswa yese. TPF ichokwadi chakanaka (kusarura kunoshanda), FPF inhema (kusarura kusina basa).
Dudziro yeROC curve yakapfupikiswa pazasi, ichitarisa chete pazvinhu zvinogona kusiyanisa mapoka ekuenzanisa nekuva neAUC yakakura kana yakakura uye kukosha kwakanyanya kune mukana uri pasi pe0.001. Nzvimbo yekuSouth Asia (Mufananidzo 2a), ine sampuli dzakawanda kubva kuIndia, yakasiyana zvakanyanya nedzimwe sampuli dzakasanganiswa munzvimbo dzakasiyana nekuti chikamu chekutanga (PC1) chine AUC yakakura zvakanyanya (0.856) zvichienzaniswa nezvimwe zvikamu. Chimwe chinhu chenzvimbo yekuAfrica (Mufananidzo 2b) iAUC yakakura yePC2 (0.834). Austro-Melanesia (Mufananidzo 2c) yakaratidza maitiro akafanana neaya emuAfrica wekuSub-Saharan kuburikidza nePC2 ine AUC yakakura zvakanyanya (0.759). Vanhu vekuEurope (Mufananidzo 2d) vakasiyana zvakajeka mukubatanidzwa kwePC2 (AUC = 0.801), PC4 (AUC = 0.719) uye PC6 (AUC = 0.671), muenzaniso wekuNortheast Asian (Mufananidzo 2e) wakasiyana zvakanyanya nePC4, ne0.714 yakakura, uye musiyano kubva kuPC3 hauna kusimba (AUC = 0.688). Mapoka anotevera akaonekwawo aine AUC values dzakaderera uye mazinga ekukosha akakwira: Mhedzisiro yePC7 (AUC = 0.679), PC4 (AUC = 0.654) uye PC1 (AUC = 0.649) yakaratidza kuti maNative Americans (Mufananidzo 2f) ane hunhu hwakasiyana hwakabatana nezvikamu izvi, Southeast Asians (Mufananidzo 2g) akapatsanurwa pakati pePC3 (AUC = 0.660) uye PC9 (AUC = 0.663), asi maitiro esampuli kubva kuMiddle East (Mufananidzo 2h) (kusanganisira North Africa) akaenzana. Zvichienzaniswa nezvimwe hapana musiyano wakawanda.
Mudanho rinotevera, kuti tinzwisise mativi akabatana zvakanyanya, nzvimbo dzepamusoro dzine mutoro wakakwira kupfuura 0.45 dzakapendwa neruzivo rwe X, Y, uye Z, sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 3. Nzvimbo tsvuku inoratidza hukama hwakakura ne X-axis coordinate, iyo inoenderana nekwakatambanudzwa kwakatambanudzwa. Nzvimbo yegirini inobatanidzwa zvakanyanya ne vertical coordinate ye Y axis, uye nzvimbo yebhuruu yakasviba inobatanidzwa zvakanyanya ne sagittal coordinate ye Z axis. Nzvimbo yebhuruu yakajeka inobatanidzwa ne Y coordinate axes uye Z coordinate axes; pink - nzvimbo yakasanganiswa inobatanidzwa ne X ne Z coordinate axes; yero - nzvimbo inobatanidzwa ne X ne Y coordinate axes; Nzvimbo chena ine X, Y ne Z coordinate axis inoratidzwa. Naizvozvo, pachiyero ichi chemutengo wemutoro, PC 1 inonyanya kubatana nepamusoro pese pedehenya. Chimiro chedehenya re3 SD riri kune rumwe rutivi rweiyi component axis chinoratidzwawo mumufananidzo uyu, uye mifananidzo yakakombama inoratidzwa muSupplementary Video S1 kusimbisa nemaziso kuti PC1 ine zvinhu zvehukuru hwedehenya rose.
Kugoverwa kwePC1 scores kakawanda (yakajairwa fit curve), mepu yemavara epamusoro pedehenya yakabatana zvakanyanya nePC1 vertices (tsananguro yemavara inoenderana nehukuru hwemativi akatarisana e axis iyi i3 SD. Chikero ibhora regirini rine dhayamita ye50 mm.
Mufananidzo 3 unoratidza frequencies distribution plot (normal fit curve) yemaPC1 scores ega ega akaverengerwa zvakasiyana kune mayuniti mapfumbamwe enzvimbo. Pamusoro peROC curve estimates (Mufananidzo 2), fungidziro dzevaSouth Asia dzakakombamira kuruboshwe nekuti madehenya avo madiki pane emamwe mapoka enzvimbo. Sezvakaratidzwa muTable 1, ava vaSouth Asia vanomiririra mapoka emadzinza muIndia anosanganisira Andaman neNicobar Islands, Sri Lanka neBangladesh.
Dimensional coefficient yakawanikwa paPC1. Kuwanikwa kwenzvimbo dzakabatana zvakanyanya uye maumbirwo chaiwo kwakaita kuti pave nekujekeswa kwezvinhu zvechimiro kune zvimwe zvikamu zvisiri PC1; zvisinei, zvinhu zvehukuru hazvibviswi zvachose nguva dzose. Sezvakaratidzwa nekuenzanisa maROC curves (Mufananidzo 2), PC2 nePC4 ndizvo zvakanyanya kusiyanisa, zvichiteverwa nePC6 nePC7. PC3 nePC9 zvinoshanda zvikuru pakupatsanura huwandu hwesample muzvikamu zve geographic. Saka, aya mapeya e component axes anoratidza scatterplots dzePC scores uye mavara akabatana zvakanyanya nechikamu chimwe nechimwe, pamwe nekusanduka kwechimiro chaicho nehukuru hwemativi akasiyana e3 SD (Mifananidzo 4, 5, 6). Kufukidzwa kwe convex hull kwemasamples kubva kuchikamu chimwe nechimwe che geographic chinoratidzwa mumapuratifomu aya kunenge 90%, kunyangwe paine mwero wekubatana mukati mema clusters. Tafura 3 inopa tsananguro yechikamu chimwe nechimwe chePCA.
Mapoka ePC2 nePC4 ezvibodzwa zveganda revanhu vane cranial kubva kumayuniti mapfumbamwe enzvimbo (kumusoro) uye mana enzvimbo (pasi), mapoka eruvara rwemusoro rwedehenya rwemavertisi akabatana zvakanyanya nePC yega yega (zvichienderana neX, Y, Z). Tsananguro yemavara emaaxes: ona chinyorwa), uye kuumbwa kwechimiro chevirtual kumativi akatarisana emaaxes aya i3 SD. Chikero chacho ibhora regirini rine dhayamita ye50 mm.
Mapoka ePC6 nePC7 ezvibodzwa zveganda remusoro kubva kumayuniti mapfumbamwe enzvimbo (kumusoro) uye mayuniti maviri enzvimbo (pasi), mapoka emavara eganda remusoro enzvimbo dzepamusoro akabatana zvakanyanya nePC yega yega (zvichienderana neX, Y, Z). Tsananguro yemavara emaaxes: ona chinyorwa), uye kuchinjika kwechimiro chevirtual kumativi akatarisana emaaxes aya i3 SD. Chikero chacho ibhora regirini rine dhayamita ye50 mm.
Mifananidzo yePC3 nePC9 scores yevanhu vane cranial kubva kumayuniti mapfumbamwe enzvimbo (kumusoro) uye matatu enzvimbo (pasi), uye mavara epamusoro pedehenya (zvichienderana neX, Y, Z axes) emativi akabatana zvakanyanya nekududzirwa kwemavara ePC yega yega: cm . text), pamwe nekusiyana kwechimiro chevirtual kumativi akatarisana emaaxes aya ane hukuru hwe3 SD. Chikero chacho ibhora regirini rine dhayamita ye50 mm.
Mugirafu inoratidza mamakisi ePC2 nePC4 (Mufananidzo 4, Mavhidhiyo Ekuwedzera S2, S3 inoratidza mifananidzo yakakanganisika), mepu yeruvara rwepamusoro inoratidzwawo kana muganho wemutengo wemutoro waiswa pamusoro pe0.4, iyo yakaderera pane muPC1 nekuti kukosha kwePC2 mutoro wese uri pasi pePC1.
Kureba kwenzvimbo dzepamberi nedzeoccipital munzira yesagittal pamwe neZ-axis (bhuruu rakasviba) uye parietal lobe munzira yekorona (tsvuku) papingi), Y-axis yeocciput (girini) uye Z-axis yehuma (bhuruu rakasviba). Girafu iyi inoratidza mamakisi evanhu vese pasi rese; zvisinei, kana sampuro dzese dzine mapoka akawanda dzichiratidzwa pamwe chete panguva imwe chete, kududzirwa kwemapati ekupararira kwakaoma nekuda kwehuwandu hwakawanda hwekupindirana; saka, kubva kumayuniti mana makuru enzvimbo (kureva, Africa, Australasia-Melanesia, Europe, neNortheast Asia), sampuro dzakapararira pasi pegirafu ne3 SD virtual cranial deformation mukati meiyi mhando yemaPC scores. Mumufananidzo, PC2 nePC4 mapeya emascores. MaAfrica neAustro-Melanesia anopindirana zvakanyanya uye akapararira kurudyi, nepo maEurope akapararira kuruboshwe rwekumusoro uye maNortheast Asians anowanzo ungana kuruboshwe rwezasi. Horizontal axis yePC2 inoratidza kuti maAfrica/Australian Melanesia ane neurocranium yakareba kupfuura vamwe vanhu. PC4, umo kusanganiswa kweEurope nekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAsia kwakaparadzaniswa zvisina kurongeka, inobatanidzwa nehukuru uye kuratidzwa kwemapfupa ezygomatic uye contour ye lateral ye calvarium. Chirongwa chekuyera chinoratidza kuti vanhu vekuEurope vane mapfupa e maxillary ne zygomatic akamanikana, nzvimbo diki ye temporal fossa inoganhurirwa ne zygomatic arch, pfupa repamberi rakakwira rakamira uye pfupa re occipital rakati sandara, rakaderera, nepo vanhu vekuNortheast Asia vanowanzova nemapfupa e zygomatic akafara uye akajeka. Frontal lobe yakakotama, hwaro hwepfupa re occipital hwakasimudzwa.
Pakutarisa paPC6 nePC7 (Mufananidzo 5) (Mavhidhiyo Ekuwedzera S4, S5 inoratidza mifananidzo yakakanganisika), mufananidzo weruvara unoratidza chiyero chekuremerwa kwemutoro chinodarika 0.3, zvichiratidza kuti PC6 inobatanidzwa nechimiro chemaxillary kana alveolar (tsvuku: X axis negirini). Y axis), chimiro chepfupa renguva pfupi (bhuruu: Y neZ axes) uye chimiro chepfupa reoccipital (pink: X neZ axes). Kuwedzera pahupamhi hwehuma (tsvuku: X-axis), PC7 inoenderanawo nekukwirira kwealveoli yepamberi yemaxillary (girini: Y-axis) uye chimiro chemusoro weZ-axis chakatenderedza nzvimbo yeparietotemporal (bhuruu rakasviba). Mupanera repamusoro reMufananidzo 5, sampuro dzese dzenzvimbo dzakagoverwa zvichienderana nePC6 nePC7 component scores. Nekuti ROC inoratidza kuti PC6 ine zvinhu zvakasiyana neEurope uye PC7 inomiririra zvinhu zveNative American muongororo iyi, sampuro mbiri idzi dzedunhu dzakanyorwa zvakasarudzika paaxes idzi dzezvikamu. MaNative American, kunyangwe akabatanidzwa zvakanyanya mumuenzaniso, akapararira mukona yepamusoro kuruboshwe; Kusiyana neizvi, mienzaniso yakawanda yekuEurope inowanzo kuwanikwa mukona yezasi yekurudyi. Peya yePC6 nePC7 inomiririra maitiro akamanikana ealveolar uye neurocranium yakafara yevaEurope, nepo maAmerican ane huma yakamanikana, maxilla yakakura, uye maitiro akafara uye akareba ealveolar.
Ongororo yeROC yakaratidza kuti PC3 uye/kana PC9 zvaiwanzoonekwa muSoutheast neNortheast Asia. Saka, mapoinzi acho ari maviri PC3 (chiso chepamusoro chegirini pay-axis) uye PC9 (chiso chepazasi chegirini pay-axis) (Mufananidzo 6; Mavhidhiyo Ekuwedzera S6, S7 anopa mifananidzo yakachinja-chinja) zvinoratidza kusiyana kwevanhu vekuEast Asia. , izvo zvinosiyana zvakanyanya nehuwandu hwechiso cheNortheast Asians uye chimiro chidiki chechiso cheSoutheast Asians. Kunze kwezvimiro izvi zvechiso, chimwe chimiro chevamwe vekuNortheast Asians ndiko kutsveyama kwemapfupa eoccipital, nepo vamwe vekuSoutheast Asians vaine hwaro hwakatetepa hwedehenya.
Tsananguro iri pamusoro apa yezvikamu zvikuru uye tsananguro yePC5 nePC8 zvakasiyiwa nekuti hapana hunhu hwenzvimbo hwakawanikwa pakati pezvikamu zvipfumbamwe zvikuru zvenzvimbo. PC5 inoreva saizi yemaitiro e mastoid ebhonzo repanguva, uye PC8 inoratidza kusawirirana kwechimiro chedehenya rose, zvese zvichiratidza kusiyana kwakafanana pakati pemisanganiswa yemienzaniso mipfumbamwe yenzvimbo.
Pamusoro pema "scatterplots" e "personal-level PCA scores", tinopawo ma "scatterplots" e "group means" ekuenzanisa kwese. Nekuda kweizvi, avhareji ye "cranial homology model" yakagadzirwa kubva pa "vertex data set" yema "individual homology models" kubva kumapoka emarudzi zana nemakumi mana nemasere. Ma "bivariate plots" ema "score sets" e "PC2" ne "PC4", "PC6" ne "PC7", uye "PC3" ne "PC9" anoratidzwa mu "Supplementary Figure S1", ese akaverengerwa se "average dehenya model" ye "sample" yevanhu zana nemakumi mana nemasere. Nenzira iyi, ma "scatterplots" anovanza musiyano wemunhu mumwe nemumwe mukati meboka rega rega, zvichibvumira kududzirwa kwakajeka kwe "dehenya" kufanana nekuda kwekugoverwa kwenzvimbo, uko mapatani anoenderana neaya anoratidzwa muma "spotlights" ega ega asina kupindirana kwakawanda. "Supplementary Figure S2" inoratidza "average model" ye "geographic unit" yega yega.
Pamusoro pePC1, iyo yakabatana nehukuru hwese (Supplementary Table S2), hukama hwe allometric pakati pehukuru hwese nechimiro chedehenya hwakaongororwa uchishandisa zviyero zve centroid uye seti dzePCA estimates kubva ku data risiri re normalized. Allometric coefficients, constant values, t values, uye P values mu significance test zvinoratidzwa muTable 4. Hapana zvikamu zvakakosha zve allometric pattern zvine chekuita nehukuru hwedehenya zvakawanikwa mune chero cranial morphology paP < 0.05 level.
Nekuti zvimwe zvinhu zvehukuru zvinogona kuverengerwa mukufungidzira kwePC zvichibva pane data risingawanzogadziriswa, takaongorora zvakare mafambiro e allometric pakati pehukuru hwe centroid nePC scores zvakaverengerwa tichishandisa data sets dzakajairwa nehukuru hwe centroid (mhedzisiro yePCA ne score sets zvinoratidzwa muSupplementary Tables S6). , C7). Tafura 4 inoratidza mhedzisiro ye allometric analysis. Saka, maitiro akakosha e allometric akawanikwa padanho re 1% muPC6 uye padanho re 5% muPC10. Mufananidzo 7 unoratidza regression slopes yehukama uhwu hwe log-linear pakati pePC scores ne centroid size ne dummies (±3 SD) pamagumo ese e log centroid size. PC6 score ndiyo chiyero chehurefu nehupamhi hwe dehenya. Sezvo saizi ye dehenya ichiwedzera, dehenya nechiso zvinokwira, uye huma, masokisi emaziso nemhino zvinowanzova pedyo nepedyo. Maitiro ekupararira kwesampuro anoratidza kuti chiyero ichi chinowanzo kuwanikwa muNortheast Asians neNative Americans. Uyezve, PC10 inoratidza mafambiro ekuderedza huwandu hwe midface width pasinei nenzvimbo yenzvimbo.
Pahukama hwakakosha hwe allometric hwakarongwa mutafura, kutsveyama kwe log-linear regression pakati pePC proportion ye shape component (yakawanikwa kubva ku normalized data) ne centroid size, virtual shape deformation ine saizi ye 3 SD kune rimwe divi remutsara we 4.
Maitiro anotevera ekuchinja kwechimiro cheganda remusoro akaratidzwa kuburikidza nekuongorora datasets yemamodeli e3D surface akafanana. Chikamu chekutanga chePCA chine chekuita nehukuru hweganda remusoro. Kwave kuchifungidzirwa kwenguva refu kuti ganda remusoro diki reSouth Asia, kusanganisira sampuli dzinobva kuIndia, Sri Lanka neAndaman Islands, Bangladesh, rinokonzerwa nehukuru hwemuviri waro hudiki, hunoenderana nemutemo weBergmann we ecogeographic kana mutemo wechitsuwa613,5,16,25,27,62. Chekutanga chine chekuita nekupisa, uye chechipiri chinoenderana nenzvimbo iripo uye zviwanikwa zvekudya zve niche ye ecological. Pakati pezvikamu zvechimiro, shanduko huru ihuwandu hwehurefu nehupamhi hweganda remusoro. Chinhu ichi, chakanzi PC2, chinotsanangura hukama hwepedyo pakati peganda remusoro rakareba reAustro-Melanesia neAfrica, pamwe nemusiyano kubva kuganda remusoro revamwe vekuEurope neNortheast Asians. Hunhu uhwu hwakataurwa muzvidzidzo zvakawanda zvekare zvichibva pamatanho akareruka e37,63,64. Uyezve, hunhu uhwu hunobatanidzwa ne brachycephaly muvanhu vasiri vemuAfrica, izvo zvagara zvichikurukurwa muzvidzidzo zve anthropometric ne osteometric. Pfungwa huru iri shure kwetsananguro iyi ndeyekuti kudzikira kwekutsenga, sekutetepa kwemhasuru ye temporalis, kunoderedza kumanikidzwa paganda remusoro wekunze5,8,9,10,11,12,13. Imwe pfungwa inosanganisira kugadzirisa mamiriro ekunze anotonhora nekuderedza nzvimbo yemusoro, zvichiratidza kuti dehenya rakatenderera rinoderedza nzvimbo yepamusoro zviri nani pane chimiro chedenderedzwa, zvichienderana nemitemo yaAllen16,17,25. Zvichibva pamhedzisiro yechidzidzo chazvino, fungidziro idzi dzinogona kuongororwa chete zvichibva pakuwirirana kwezvikamu zve cranial. Mukupfupisa, mhedzisiro yedu yePCA haitsigire zvizere fungidziro yekuti chiyero chehurefu nehupamhi hwe cranial chinokanganiswa zvakanyanya nemamiriro ekutsenga, sezvo mutoro wePC2 (chikamu cherefu/brachycephalic) hauna hukama zvakanyanya nehuwandu hwechiso (kusanganisira saizi ye maxillary). uye nzvimbo ye temporal fossa (inoratidza vhoriyamu ye temporalis muscle). Chidzidzo chedu chazvino hachina kuongorora hukama huripo pakati pechimiro chedehenya nemamiriro ekunze e geological akadai sekupisa; zvisinei, tsananguro yakavakirwa pamutemo waAllen ingakosha kufunga nezvayo sepfungwa yekutsanangura brachycephalon munzvimbo dzinotonhora.
Kusiyana kwakakosha kwakawanikwa muPC4, zvichiratidza kuti maNortheast Asia ane mapfupa makuru, akajeka ezygomatic pamapfupa epamusoro neakadzika. Kuwanikwa uku kunoenderana nehunhu hunozivikanwa hwemaSiberia, avo vanofungidzirwa kuti vakajaira mamiriro ekunze anotonhora zvakanyanya nekufamba mberi kwemapfupa ezygomatic, zvichikonzera kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwemasinasi uye chiso chakatsetseka 65. Kuwanikwa kutsva kubva kumuenzaniso wedu we homologous ndekwekuti matama akarembera muEurope ane chekuita nekuderera kwekutsetseka kwepamberi, pamwe nemapfupa e occipital akatsetseka uye akatetepa uye nuchal concavity. Kusiyana neizvi, maNortheast Asian anowanzova nehuma dzakatsvedza uye nzvimbo dzakakwira dze occipital. Zvidzidzo zvemapfupa e occipital uchishandisa nzira dze geometric morphometric35 zvakaratidza kuti madehenya eAsia neEurope ane flatter nuchal curve uye nzvimbo yakaderera ye occiput zvichienzaniswa nemaAfrica. Zvisinei, ma "scatterplots" edu ePC2 nePC4 nePC3 nePC9 pairs akaratidza kusiyana kukuru muAsia, nepo maEurope aizivikanwa ne "flat base" ye "occiput" ne "low occiput". Kusawirirana muhunhu hweAsia pakati pezvidzidzo kunogona kunge kuri nekuda kwekusiyana kwemhando dzemadzinza dzakashandiswa, sezvo takaongorora huwandu hwakawanda hwemapoka emadzinza kubva kumarudzi akasiyana-siyana eNortheast neSoutheast Asia. Kuchinja kwechimiro chemapfupa e "occipital" kunowanzobatanidzwa nekukura kwetsandanyama. Zvisinei, tsananguro iyi inochinjika haifungi nezvehukama huripo pakati pehuma nechimiro che "occiput", iyo yakaratidzwa muchidzidzo ichi asi hazvigoneke kuti yakaratidzwa zvizere. Panyaya iyi, zvakakosha kufunga nezvehukama huripo pakati pekuenzana kwehuremu hwemuviri nenzvimbo ye "gravity" kana "cervical junction" (foramen magnum) kana zvimwe zvinhu.
Chimwe chinhu chakakosha chine musiyano mukuru chakabatana nekugadzirwa kwemidziyo yekucheka, inomiririrwa nefossae yemusoro wepamusoro neyenguva pfupi, iyo inotsanangurwa nemusanganiswa wePC6, PC7 nePC4. Kudzikira uku kwakakura muzvikamu zvemusoro kunoratidza vanhu vekuEurope kupfuura chero rimwe boka renzvimbo. Hunhu uhwu hwakatsanangurwa semhedzisiro yekuderera kwekugadzikana kwechiso nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kwekutanga kwehunyanzvi hwekurima nekugadzira chikafu, izvo zvakaderedza mutoro wemuchina pamidziyo yekucheka isina michina ine simba yekucheka9,12,28,66. Sekureva kwefungidziro yebasa rekucheka, 28 izvi zvinoperekedzwa nekuchinja kwekutenderera kwehwaro hwedehenya kuenda kukona yeganda remusoro yakapinza uye denga reganda remusoro rakatenderera. Kubva pamaonero aya, huwandu hwevanhu vekurima hunowanzova nezviso zvidiki, kubuda kushoma kwemanhenga emudumbu, uye meninges dzakatenderera. Nokudaro, kuchinja uku kunogona kutsanangurwa nechimiro chedivi redehenya revaEurope vane nhengo dzakaderera dzekucheka. Zvisinei, zvichienderana neongororo iyi, dudziro iyi yakaoma nekuti kukosha kwebasa rehukama hwechimiro pakati peglobose neurocranium nekugadzirwa kwemidziyo yekutsenga hakugamuchirwi zvakanyanya, sezvakamboonekwa mududziro dzekare dzePC2.
Kusiyana kuripo pakati pevanhu vekuNortheast Asia nevaSoutheast Asia kunoonekwa nekusiyana kuripo pakati pechiso chirefu chine pfupa reoccipital rakatsveyama nechiso chipfupi chine hwaro hwedehenya rakatetepa, sezvakaratidzwa muPC3 nePC9. Nekuda kwekushaikwa kwedata re geoecological, chidzidzo chedu chinopa tsananguro diki chete yekuwana uku. Tsananguro inogona kuwanikwa ndeyekuchinjika kune mamiriro ekunze akasiyana kana mamiriro ezvekudya. Kuwedzera pakuchinjika kwezvakatipoteredza, kusiyana kwenzvimbo munhoroondo yevanhu vari kuNortheast neSoutheast Asia kwakafungwawo. Semuenzaniso, kumabvazuva kweEurasia, modhi ine mativi maviri yakafungidzirwa kuti inzwisise kupararira kwevanhu vemazuva ano (AMH) zvichibva padata re cranial morphometric67,68. Sekureva kwemuenzaniso uyu, "tier yekutanga", kureva mapoka ekutanga eLate Pleistocene AMH colonizers, aive nedzinza rakananga kubva kuvagari vemunharaunda yedunhu iri, seAustro-Melanesia vemazuva ano (p. First stratum). , uye gare gare vakasangana nekusanganiswa kukuru kwevanhu vekurima vekumaodzanyemba vane hunhu hwekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAsia (chikamu chechipiri) munzvimbo iyi (makore angangoita 4,000 apfuura). Kuyerera kwemajini kwakagadzirwa uchishandisa modhi ye "zvikamu zviviri" kuchadiwa kuti unzwisise chimiro cheganda reSoutheast Asia, zvichipiwa kuti chimiro cheganda reSoutheast Asia chingatsamira panhaka yemajini enzvimbo yekutanga.
Nekuongorora kufanana kweganda remusana tichishandisa mayuniti enzvimbo akagadzirwa uchishandisa mamodheru akafanana, tinogona kufembera nhoroondo yevanhu veAMF mumamiriro ezvinhu ari kunze kweAfrica. Mamodheru mazhinji akasiyana-siyana e "kunze kweAfrica" akakurudzirwa kutsanangura kugoverwa kweAMF zvichibva padata remapfupa nere genomic. Paaya, zvidzidzo zvechangobva kuitwa zvinoratidza kuti AMH yakatora nzvimbo dziri kunze kweAfrica yakatanga makore angangoita 177,000 apfuura69,70. Zvisinei, kupararira kweAMF kure muEurasia munguva iyi hakusati kwazivikanwa, sezvo nzvimbo dzezvisaririra izvi zvepakutanga dzakaganhurirwa kuMiddle East neMediterranean pedyo neAfrica. Nyaya iri nyore ndeyekugara kumwe chete munzira yekutama kubva kuAfrica kuenda kuEurasia, ichipfuura zvipingamupinyi zvenzvimbo zvakaita seHimalayas. Imwe modheru inoratidza mafungu akawanda ekutama, yekutanga yakapararira kubva kuAfrica ichitevedza mahombekombe eIndian Ocean kuenda kuSoutheast Asia neAustralia, uye yozopararira kuchamhembe kweEurasia. Zvizhinji zvezvidzidzo izvi zvinosimbisa kuti AMF yakapararira kure kupfuura Africa makore angangoita 60,000 apfuura. Panyaya iyi, mienzaniso yeAustralasian-Melanesian (kusanganisira Papua) inoratidza kufanana kukuru nemienzaniso yeAfrica kupfuura chero imwe nhevedzano yenzvimbo mukuongorora zvikamu zvikuru zvemamodeli ehomology. Kuwanikwa uku kunotsigira fungidziro yekuti mapoka ekutanga ekugoverwa kweAMF kumucheto wekumaodzanyemba kweEurasia akabuda zvakananga muAfrica22,68 pasina shanduko huru dzechimiro mukupindura kune mamiriro ekunze chaiwo kana mamwe mamiriro akakosha.
Nezvekukura kwe allometric, ongororo ichishandisa zvikamu zvechimiro zvakatorwa kubva kune data rakasiyana rakagadziriswa nehukuru hwe centroid yakaratidza mafambiro akakosha e allometric mu PC6 ne PC10. Zvikamu zvese izvi zvine chekuita nechimiro chehuma nezvikamu zvechiso, izvo zvinova zvitete sezvo saizi yedehenya ichiwedzera. MaAsia ekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva nemaAmerica vanowanzova nechimiro ichi uye vane dehenya dzakakura. Kuwanikwa uku kunopesana nemapatani e allometric akambotaurwa umo uropi hukuru hune frontal lobes dzakakura munzvimbo inonzi "Broca's cap", zvichikonzera kuwedzera kwe frontal lobe width34. Misiyano iyi inotsanangurwa nekusiyana kwemasample sets; Chidzidzo chedu chakaongorora mapatani e allometric ehukuru hwe cranial tichishandisa vanhu vemazuva ano, uye zvidzidzo zvekuenzanisa zvinotarisa mafambiro enguva refu mukushanduka kwevanhu ane chekuita nehukuru hwehuropi.
Nezve allometry yechiso, imwe ongororo yakashandisa biometric data78 yakawana kuti chimiro chechiso nehukuru zvinogona kunge zvakabatana zvishoma, nepo ongororo yedu yakawana kuti misoro mikuru inowanzobatanidzwa nezviso zvakareba, zvakatetepa. Zvisinei, kuenderana kwedata re biometric hakuna kujeka; Kuongororwa kwekudzokorora kuenzanisa ontogenetic allometry uye static allometry kunoratidza mhedzisiro dzakasiyana. Maitiro e allometric kune chimiro chedehenya rakatenderera nekuda kwekukwirira kwakawedzerwa akataurwawo; zvisinei, hatina kuongorora data rekukwirira. Chidzidzo chedu chinoratidza kuti hapana data re allometric rinoratidza hukama pakati pe cranial globular proportions nehukuru hwe cranial hwese pa se.
Kunyangwe chidzidzo chedu chazvino chisina kubata nedata pamusoro pezvinhu zviri kunze zvinomiririrwa nemamiriro ekunze kana mamiriro ezvekudya zvinogona kukanganisa chimiro cheganda, data rakakura remhando dze3D dzeganda reganda dzakafanana dzakashandiswa muchidzidzo ichi richabatsira kuongorora kusiyana kwechimiro chemuviri kwakabatana. Zvinhu zvezvakatipoteredza zvakaita sekudya, mamiriro ekunze uye mamiriro ezvekudya, pamwe nemasimba asina kwaakarerekera akadai sekufamba, kuyerera kwemajini uye kuyerera kwemajini.
Chidzidzo ichi chaisanganisira 342 sampuli dzemadehenya echirume dzakaunganidzwa kubva mumapoka 148 muzvikamu 9 zvenzvimbo (Tafura 1). Mapoka mazhinji ndeenzvimbo, nepo mamwe mapoka muAfrica, Kuchamhembe/Kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAsia neAmerica (akanyorwa mumabhii akatsveyama) anotsanangurwa nemadzinza. Mhando zhinji dzemadehenya echirume dzakasarudzwa kubva mudhatabhesi rekuyera madehenya echikadzi zvichienderana netsananguro yekuyera madehenya echikadzi yaMartin yakapihwa naTsunehiko Hanihara. Takasarudza misoro yemadehenya echirume inomiririra kubva kumarudzi ese epasi. Kuti tizive nhengo dzeboka rega rega, takaverenga daro reEuclidean zvichibva pamatanho makumi matatu nenomwe ekuyerwa kwedehenya kubva kuavhareji yeboka revanhu vese vari muboka iroro. Kazhinji, takasarudza sampuli 1-4 dzine daro diki kubva paavhareji (Tafura Yekuwedzera S4). Kumapoka aya, mimwe sampuli yakasarudzwa zvisina kurongeka kana isina kunyorwa mudhatabhesi rekuyera madehenya eHahara.
Kuti tienzanise nhamba, mienzaniso yevanhu 148 yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvikuru zvenzvimbo, sezvakaratidzwa muTafura 1. Boka re "Africa" rine mienzaniso chete kubva kudunhu reSub-Saharan. Mienzaniso kubva kuNorth Africa yakabatanidzwa mu "Middle East" pamwe chete nemuenzaniso kubva kuWest Asia ine mamiriro akafanana. Boka reNortheast Asia rinosanganisira vanhu vasiri vekuEurope chete, uye boka reAmerica rinosanganisira maNative American chete. Kunyanya, boka iri rakapararira munzvimbo yakakura yemakondinendi ekuNorth neSouth America, munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana. Zvisinei, tinofunga nezvemuenzaniso weUS mukati mechikamu ichi chenzvimbo, tichifunga nezvenhoroondo yevanhu veNative Americans vanoonekwa sevakabva kuNortheast Asia, pasinei nekutama kwakawanda 80.
Takanyora data re3D pamusoro pemasampuli aya edehenya akasiyana tichishandisa scanner ye3D ine resolution yepamusoro (EinScan Pro naShining 3D Co Ltd, resolution shoma: 0.5 mm, https://www.shining3d.com/) uye takagadzira mesh. Modhi yemesh ine mavertise angangoita 200,000–400,000, uye software iri mukati inoshandiswa kuzadza maburi nemipendero yakatsetseka.
Mudanho rekutanga, takashandisa data rekuskena kubva mudehenya chero ripi zvaro kugadzira modhi yedehenya ine template imwe chete ine 4485 vertices (8728 polygonal faces). Hwaro hwenzvimbo yedehenya, hunosanganisira pfupa resphenoid, pfupa reperous temporal, palate, maxillary alveoli, uye mazino, hwakabviswa kubva mu template mesh modhi. Chikonzero ndechekuti maumbirwo aya dzimwe nguva haana kukwana kana kuti akaoma kupedzisa nekuda kwezvikamu zvakatetepa kana zvitete zvakapinza zvakaita septerygoid surfaces uye styloid processes, kupera kwezino uye/kana kusawirirana kwemazino. Hwaro hwedehenya hwakatenderedza foramen magnum, kusanganisira hwaro, hahuna kubviswa nekuti iyi inzvimbo yakakosha yehunhu hwenzvimbo yemajoini emuromo wechibereko uye kukwirira kwedehenya kunofanirwa kuongororwa. Shandisa girazi rings kugadzira template ine symmetrical kumativi ese. Ita isotropic meshing kushandura maumbirwo epolygonal kuti ave akaenzana sezvinobvira.
Tevere, zviratidzo makumi mashanu nematanhatu zvakaiswa pazvikomo zvinoenderana nemuviri wemuenzaniso wetemplate uchishandisa software yeHBM-Rugle. Zvimiro zvechinyakare zvinovimbisa kururama nekugadzikana kwenzvimbo dzechinyakare uye zvinovimbisa hukama hwenzvimbo idzi mumuenzaniso wehutano hwakagadzirwa. Zvinogona kuzivikanwa zvichibva pane hunhu hwazvo, sezvakaratidzwa muTafura Yekuwedzera S5 neMufananidzo Wekuwedzera S3. Sekureva kwetsananguro yaBookstein81, zvizhinji zvezviratidzo izvi zviratidzo zverudzi rweI zviri pamharadzano yezvivakwa zvitatu, uye zvimwe zviratidzo zverudzi rwechipiri zvine mapoinzi ekukombama kwakanyanya. Zviratidzo zvakawanda zvakatamiswa kubva pamapoinzi akatsanangurwa ekuyera kwemutsara weganda mutsananguro yaMartin 36. Takatsanangura zviratidzo zvakafanana makumi mashanu nematanhatu zvemamodheru akaskeniwa e342 skull specimens, ayo akaiswa nemaoko kumapodheru anoenderana nemuviri kuti agadzire mamodheru akanyatsojeka ehutano muchikamu chinotevera.
Sisitimu yekubatanidza musoro-centric yakatsanangurwa kutsanangura data rescan netemplate, sezvakaratidzwa muSupplementary Figure S4. Ndege yeXZ ndiyo ndege yakatwasuka yeFrankfurt inopfuura nepanzvimbo yepamusoro (tsananguro yaMartin: chikamu) yemupendero wepamusoro wemigero yekunzwa yekuruboshwe nekurudyi uye nzvimbo yakaderera (tsananguro yaMartin: orbit) yemupendero wepasi weruboshwe. . X axis ndiyo mutsetse unobatanidza mativi ekuruboshwe nekurudyi, uye X+ ndiyo divi rekurudyi. Ndege yeYZ inopfuura nepakati pezvikamu zvekuruboshwe nekurudyi uye mudzi wemhino: Y+ kumusoro, Z+ kumberi. Nzvimbo yekutarisa (kwakabva: zero coordinate) yakaiswa panosangana ndege yeYZ (midplane), ndege yeXZ (Frankfort plane) uye ndege yeXY (coronal plane).
Takashandisa software yeHBM-Rugle (Medic Engineering, Kyoto, http://www.rugle.co.jp/) kugadzira modhi yemesh yakafanana nekuita template fitting tichishandisa 56 landmark points (kuruboshwe kweMufananidzo 1). Chikamu chikuru chesoftware, chakatanga kugadzirwa neCenter for Digital Human Research paInstitute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology muJapan, chinonzi HBM uye chine mabasa ekuisa matemplate tichishandisa landmarks uye kugadzira fine mesh models tichishandisa partitioning surfaces82. Shanduro inotevera yesoftware (mHBM) 83 yakawedzera chinhu chekugadzirisa pattern pasina landmarks kuti ivandudze mashandiro ekuisa. HBM-Rugle inosanganisa software yemHBM nezvimwe zvinhu zviri nyore kushandisa zvinosanganisira kugadzirisa ma coordinate systems uye kuchinja saizi yedata rekupinda. Kuvimbika kwe software fitting accuracy kwakasimbiswa muzvidzidzo zvakawanda52,54,55,56,57,58,59,60.
Pakuisa template yeHBM-Rugle uchishandisa zviratidzo, mesh model ye template inoiswa pamusoro pedata rekutsvaga chinangwa nekunyora kwakasimba kwakavakirwa patekinoroji yeICP (kuderedza huwandu hwedaro riri pakati pezviratidzo zvinoenderana netemplate nedata rekutsvaga chinangwa), uye nekusachinja-chinja kwemesh kunogadzirisa template kune data rekutsvaga chinangwa. Maitiro aya ekugadzirisa akadzokororwa katatu uchishandisa mavalue akasiyana ezvimiro zviviri zvekugadzirisa kuti zvivandudze kururama kwekugadzirisa. Imwe yeiyi parameters inoganhurira daro riri pakati pe template grid model nedata rekutsvaga chinangwa, uye imwe inoranga daro riri pakati pezviratidzo zve template nezviratidzo zve chinangwa. Model ye mesh ye template yakakanganisika yakazokamurwa uchishandisa cyclic surface subdivision algorithm 82 kugadzira mesh model yakanatswa ine 17,709 vertices (34,928 polygons). Pakupedzisira, template grid model yakaparadzaniswa inokodzera data rekutsvaga chinangwa kuti igadzire modhi ye homology. Sezvo nzvimbo dzenzvimbo dzakasiyana zvishoma nedziri mudata rekutsvaga chinangwa, modhi yekuongorora chimiro chemufananidzo yakagadziriswa zvakanaka kuti itsanangure izvi uchishandisa system yekutarisa musoro yakatsanangurwa muchikamu chapfuura. Avhareji yedaro pakati penzvimbo dzenzvimbo dzenzvimbo dzemufananidzo dzinoenderana nedata rekutsvaga chinangwa musampuli dzese yaive <0.01 mm. Yakaverengerwa uchishandisa basa reHBM-Rugle, avhareji yedaro pakati penzvimbo dzedata rekuongorora chimiro chemufananidzo nedata rekutsvaga chinangwa yaive 0.322 mm (Supplementary Table S2).
Kuti titsanangure shanduko mu cranial morphology, 17,709 vertices (53,127 XYZ coordinates) yemamodeli ese akafanana akaongororwa ne principal component analysis (PCA) uchishandisa HBS software yakagadzirwa neCenter for Digital Human Science paInstitute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. , Japan (distribution dealer: Medic Engineering, Kyoto, http://www.rugle.co.jp/). Takazoedza kushandisa PCA kune unnormalized data set uye data set inorongeka ne centroid size. Saka, PCA yakavakirwa pa data risingarongeka inogona kunyatsoratidza chimiro che cranial chemayuniti mapfumbamwe e geographic uye kuita kuti kududzirwa kwezvikamu kuve nyore kupfuura PCA uchishandisa standardized data.
Chinyorwa chino chinoratidza huwandu hwezvikamu zvikuru zvakaonekwa zvine mupiro unopfuura 1% yehuwandu hwese. Kuti vaone zvikamu zvikuru zvinoshanda zvakanyanya mukusiyanisa mapoka muzvikamu zvikuru zvenzvimbo, ongororo ye receiver operating characteristic (ROC) yakashandiswa kuma scores ezvikamu zvikuru (PC) ane mupiro wakakura kupfuura 2% 84. Ongororo iyi inogadzira mukana wekuti chikamu chimwe nechimwe chePCA chive nani pakuita classification uye kuenzanisa nemazvo ma plots pakati pemapoka enzvimbo. Mwero wesimba rekusarura unogona kuongororwa nenzvimbo iri pasi pemukombe (AUC), uko zvikamu zvePCA zvine values yakakura zvinokwanisa kusiyanisa zviri nani pakati pemapoka. Bvunzo ye chi-square yakaitwa kuti iongorore kukosha kwayo. Ongororo yeROC yakaitwa muMicrosoft Excel uchishandisa Bell Curve yeExcel software (vhezheni 3.21).
Kuti muone musiyano wenzvimbo mu cranial morphology, ma scatterplot akagadzirwa achishandisa ma PC scores ayo ainyatsosiyanisa mapoka kubva kumayuniti makuru enzvimbo. Kuti mududzire zvikamu zvikuru, shandisai mepu yemavara kuti muone ma model vertices akabatana zvakanyanya nezvikamu zvikuru. Pamusoro pezvo, virtual representation yemagumo e principal component axes ari pa ±3 standard deviations (SD) yema principal component scores akaverengerwa uye akaoneswa muvhidhiyo yekuwedzera.
Allometry yakashandiswa kuona hukama huripo pakati pechimiro chedehenya nezvinhu zvehukuru zvakaongororwa muPCA analysis. Ongororo iyi inoshanda kune zvikamu zvikuru zvine mipiro >1%. Chimwe chikanganiso chePCA iyi ndechekuti zvikamu zvechimiro hazvigone kuratidza chimiro chimwe nechimwe nekuti seti yedata isina kurongeka haibvisi zvinhu zvese zvine mativi. Pamusoro pekushandisa seti dzedata dzisina kurongeka, takaongororawo maitiro eallometric tichishandisa seti dzePC fraction zvichibva padata rehukuru hwecentroid rakarongeka rinoshandiswa kune zvikamu zvikuru zvine mipiro >1%.
Maitiro eAllometric akaedzwa uchishandisa equation Y = aXb 85 apo Y iri chimiro kana chikamu chechikamu chechimiro, X iri saizi yepakati (Table Supplementary S2), a inhamba isingachinji, uye b ndiyo allometric coefficient. Nzira iyi inonyanya kuunza zvidzidzo zvekukura kweallometric mu geometric morphometry78,86. Kuchinja kwe logarithmic kwefomula iyi ndekwekuti: log Y = b × log X + log a. Kuongororwa kwe regression uchishandisa nzira ye least squares kwakashandiswa kuverenga a na b. Kana Y (centroid size) na X (PC scores) zvashandurwa ne logarithmic, izvi zvinofanirwa kunge zvakanaka; zvisinei, seti yekufungidzira kweX ine negative values. Semhinduro, takawedzera rounding kune absolute value ye small fraction pamwe ne 1 ye fraction yega yega muchikamu chimwe nechimwe uye takashandisa logarithmic transformation kune ese converted positive fractions. Kukosha kwe allometric coefficients kwakaongororwa uchishandisa two-tailed Student's t test. Aya ma statistical calculations ekuyedza allometric growth akaitwa uchishandisa Bell Curves muExcel software (version 3.21).
Wolpoff, MH Mhedzisiro yemamiriro ekunze pamhino dzemapfupa. Ehe. J. Phys. Humanity. 29, 405–423. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330290315 (1968).
Beals, KL Chimiro chemusoro uye kushushikana kwemamiriro ekunze. Ehe. J. Phys. Humanity. 37, 85–92. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330370111 (1972).
Nguva yekutumira: Kubvumbi-02-2024