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Ichi chidzidzo chakaongorora kusiyana kwedunhu mumunhu cranial morphology ichishandisa geometric homology modhi yakavakirwa pane scan data kubva kumarudzi 148 pasi rese.Iyi nzira inoshandisa tekinoroji yekukodzera tekinoroji kugadzira homologous meshes nekuita isina-kuomarara shanduko uchishandisa iterative iri padyo poindi algorithm.Nekushandisa ongororo yechikamu chikuru kune 342 yakasarudzwa homologous modhi, shanduko huru muhukuru hwese yakawanikwa uye yakasimbiswa zvakajeka kune dehenya diki kubva kuSouth Asia.Musiyano mukuru wechipiri urefu kusvika kuhupamhi hwereshiyo yeurourocranium, ichiratidza musiyano uripo pakati pemadehenya akareba evaAfrica nemadehenya econvex eNortheast Asia.Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti chinhu ichi hachina chokuita nechiso contouring.Zviso zvinonyatsozivikanwa zvakadai sematama akabudikira muNortheast Asia uye compact maxillary bones muEurope akasimbiswa zvakare.Kuchinja kwechiso uku kwakabatana zvakanyanya nekutenderera kwedehenya, kunyanya dhigirii rekurerekera kwemapfupa epamberi uye occipital.Allometric maitiro akawanikwa mukuenzanisa kwechiso maererano nehukuru hwedehenya rose;mumadehenya makuru maratidziro echiso anowanzova kureba uye kutetepa, sezvakaratidzwa muvanhu vazhinji vekuAmerica neNortheast Asia.Kunyange zvazvo chidzidzo chedu chisina kusanganisira dheta pamusoro pezvakasiyana-siyana zvezvakatipoteredza zvinogona kukanganisa cranial morphology, zvakadai semamiriro ekunze kana mamiriro ezvokudya, data yakakura yehomologous cranial mapatani ichave yakakosha mukutsvaga tsanangudzo dzakasiyana dze skeletal phenotypic maitiro.
Geographical kusiyana kwechimiro chedehenya remunhu zvakadzidzwa kwenguva yakareba.Vatsvakurudzi vakawanda vakaongorora kusiyana kwekugadzirisa kwezvakatipoteredza uye / kana kusarudzwa kwechisikigo, kunyanya mamiriro ekunze1,2,3,4,5,6,7 kana masticatory basa zvichienderana nezvokudya zvinovaka muviri5,8,9,10,11,12.13. .Mukuwedzera, zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakatarisa pamabhodhoro emigumisiro, genetic drift, gene flow, kana stochastic evolutionary process inokonzerwa ne neutral gene mutations14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23.Semuyenzaniso, chimiro chedenderedzwa cheyakafara uye mupfupi cranial vault yakatsanangurwa sechigadziriso chekusarudza kudzvanywa zvinoenderana nemutemo waAllen24, uyo unotaura kuti mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzinoderedza kurasikirwa nekupisa nekudzikisa nzvimbo yemuviri zvinoenderana nevhoriyamu2,4,16,17,25 .Pamusoro pezvo, zvimwe zvidzidzo zvinoshandisa mutemo waBergmann26 zvakatsanangura hukama huri pakati pehukuru hwedehenya uye tembiricha3,5,16,25,27, zvichiratidza kuti saizi yese inoita kunge yakakura munzvimbo dzinotonhora kudzivirira kurasikirwa nekupisa.Iyo mechanistic pesvedzero ye masticatory kushushikana pakukura kweiyo cranial vault uye kumeso mapfupa akakakavadzana maererano nemamiriro ekudya anokonzerwa netsika yekubika kana misiyano yekurarama pakati pevarimi nevavhimi-vavhimi8,9,11,12,28.Tsananguro huru ndeyokuti kuderera kwekutsenga kunoderedza kuoma kwemapfupa echiso uye tsandanyama.Zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvepasi rose zvakabatanidza kusiyanisa kwedehenya zvakanyanya kune phenotypic mhedzisiro yekusarerekera genetic kureba kwete kuchinjika kwezvakatipoteredza21,29,30,31,32.Imwe tsananguro yekuchinja kwedehenya chimiro kunobva pane pfungwa yeisometric kana allometric kukura6,33,34,35.Semuyenzaniso, huropi hukuru hunowanzova nehupamhi hwepamberi lobes munzvimbo inodaidzwa kuti "Broca's cap" dunhu, uye hupamhi hwepamberi hunowedzera, chiitiko chekushanduka-shanduka chinotariswa zvichibva pakukura kwe allometric.Pamusoro pezvo, chidzidzo chekuongorora shanduko dzenguva refu muchimiro chedehenya chakawana chimiro che allometric kune brachycephaly (kaitiro yedehenya kuti riwedzere kutenderera) nekuwedzera kureba33.
Nhoroondo refu yekutsvagisa mucranial morphology inosanganisira kuedza kuona izvo zvinokonzeresa zvinokonzeresa zvakasiyana-siyana zvekusiyana kwecranial shapes.Nzira dzechinyakare dzakashandiswa mune dzakawanda zvidzidzo zvekutanga dzaive dzakabva pane bivariate linear yekuyera data, kazhinji kushandisa Martin kana Howell tsananguro36,37.Panguva imwecheteyo, zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakataurwa pamusoro apa zvakashandisa nzira dzepamusoro-soro zvichienderana nespatial 3D geometric morphometry (GM) teknolojia5,7,10,11,12,13,17,20,27,34,35,38.39. Semuenzaniso, iyo inotsvedza semilandmark nzira, yakavakirwa pakukotama kuderedza simba, yave iri nzira inonyanya kushandiswa mune transgenic biology.Iyo inogadzira semi-nzvimbo dzetemplate pane yega yega sampu nekutsvedza padivi kana curve kana pamusoro38,40,41,42,43,44,45,46.Kusanganisira nzira dzakadai dzepamusoro, dzakawanda 3D GM zvidzidzo zvinoshandisa generalized Procrustes ongororo, iyo iterative padyo poindi (ICP) algorithm 47 kubvumira kuenzaniswa kwakananga kwemaumbirwo uye kutora shanduko.Neimwe nzira, iyo nhete yeplate spline (TPS) 48,49 nzira inoshandiswa zvakanyanya senzira isina kuomarara yeshanduko yekugadzira mepu semilandmark kurongeka kune mesh-based shapes.
Nekuvandudzwa kwezvinoita 3D muviri wese scanner kubva mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi20, zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakashandisa 3D-muviri-sese scanner kune zviyero50,51.Scan data yakashandiswa kuburitsa hukuru hwemuviri, izvo zvinoda kutsanangura maumbirwo epamusoro senzvimbo kwete makore anonongedza.Kukodzera pateni inzira yakagadziridzwa nechinangwa ichi mumunda wemifananidzo yekombuta, uko chimiro chepamusoro chinotsanangurwa ne polygonal mesh modhi.Nhanho yekutanga mukukodzera pateni ndeyekugadzirira mesh modhi yekushandisa setemplate.Mamwe ma vertices anoumba pateni zvicherechedzo.Iyo template inozoremara uye inofananidzwa nepamusoro kuti ideredze chinhambwe pakati petemplate uye gore repoinzi uku uchichengetedza chimiro chenzvimbo chetemplate.Nzvimbo dziri mutemplate dzinoenderana nenzvimbo dziri mupoint cloud.Uchishandisa template yekukodzera, data rese rekuongorora rinogona kutsanangurwa senge mesh modhi ine nhamba yakafanana yemapoinzi data uye yakafanana topology.Kunyangwe hazvo homology chaiyo iripo chete munzvimbo dzakakosha, zvinogona kufungidzirwa kuti pane homology yakajairika pakati pemamodhi akagadzirwa sezvo shanduko mujometri yematemplate idiki.Naizvozvo, mamodhi egidhi akagadzirwa nekukodzera template dzimwe nguva anonzi homology modhi52.Kubatsira kwekukodzera template ndeyekuti iyo template inogona kuremara uye kugadziridzwa kune akasiyana mativi echinhu chakanangwa icho chiri padyo nepamusoro pedenga asi kure nazvo (semuenzaniso, iyo zygomatic arch uye yenguva nharaunda yedehenya) pasina kukanganisa imwe neimwe. zvimwe.deformation.Nenzira iyi, iyo template inogona kuchengetedzwa kune branching zvinhu senge torso kana ruoko, nepfudzi munzvimbo yakamira.Izvo zvakashata zvekukodzera template ndiyo yakakwira computational mutengo wekudzokororazve, zvisinei, nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kwakakosha mukuita kwekombuta, iyi haisisiri nyaya.Nekuongorora kurongeka kwakakosha kweiyo vertices inoumba mesh modhi uchishandisa multivariate yekuongorora matekiniki akadai seprincipal component analysis (PCA), zvinokwanisika kuongorora shanduko mune yese chimiro chepamusoro uye chimiro chechokwadi pane chero chinzvimbo mukugovera.inogona kugamuchirwa.Verenga uye fungidzira53.Mazuva ano, mesh modhi inogadzirwa ne template fitting inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukuwongorora chimiro munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana52,54,55,56,57,58,59,60.
Kufambira mberi muhunyanzvi hwekurekodha mesh tekinoroji, pamwe nekukurumidza kusimudzira kweinotakurika 3D scanning zvishandiso zvinokwanisa kutarisisa pakakwirira resolution, kumhanya, uye kufamba kupfuura CT, zviri kuita kuti zvive nyore kurekodha 3D pamusoro data zvisinei nenzvimbo.Nekudaro, mundima yebiological anthropology, matekinoroji matsva akadaro anosimudzira kugona kuverengera uye kuongorora nenhamba yezviyero zvevanhu, kusanganisira zvienzaniso zvedehenya, chinova chinangwa chechidzidzo chino.
Muchidimbu, chidzidzo ichi chinoshandisa advanced 3D homology modelling tekinoroji yakavakirwa patemplate matching (Mufananidzo 1) kuongorora 342 dehenya sampuli dzakasarudzwa kubva muvanhu zana nemakumi mana nemasere pasi rese kuburikidza nekuenzanisa kwenzvimbo pasi rese.Kusiyana kwecranial morphology (Table 1).Kuzvidavirira nezvekuchinja kwedehenya morphology, takashandisa PCA uye inogamuchira maitiro ekushanda (ROC) inoongorora kune seti yedata yemhando yehomology yatakagadzira.Zvakawanikwa zvichabatsira kunzwisisa zviri nani shanduko yepasi rose mucranial morphology, kusanganisira mapatani edunhu uye kuderera kwehurongwa hwekuchinja, shanduko dzakabatanidzwa pakati pezvikamu zvecranial, uye kuvapo kweallometric maitiro.Kunyange zvazvo chidzidzo ichi chisingatauri nezve data pamusoro pezvakasiyana-siyana zvinomiririrwa nemamiriro ekunze kana mamiriro ezvokudya zvinogona kukanganisa cranial morphology, maitiro ejographical morphology akanyorwa muchidzidzo chedu achabatsira kuongorora zvakatipoteredza, biomechanical, uye genetic zvinhu zvekusiyana kwecranial.
Tafura 2 inoratidza eigenvalues uye PCA mupiro coefficients akaiswa kune isina kurongeka dhatabheti ye17,709 vertices (53,127 XYZ coordinates) e342 homologous dehenya modhi.Somugumisiro, 14 zvikamu zvikuru zvakaonekwa, mupiro wehuwandu hwekusiyana hwakanga huri kupfuura 1%, uye chikamu chese chekusiyana chaiva 83.68%.Iwo mavekita ekurodha ezvikamu gumi nemana akanyorwa muSupplementary Tafura S1, uye zvikamu zvakaverengerwa 342 dehenya samples zvinoratidzwa muSupplementary Table S2.
Ichi chidzidzo chakaongorora zvikamu zvipfumbamwe zvikuru nezvipo zvakakura kupfuura 2%, zvimwe zvacho zvichiratidza kusiyana kwakakura uye kwakakosha kwenzvimbo mune cranial morphology.Mufananidzo 2 mapeji emacurves anogadzirwa kubva kuROC kuongororwa kuratidza iyo inonyanya kushanda PCA zvikamu zvekuratidzira kana kupatsanura yega yega musanganiswa wemasamples munzvimbo dzakakura dzenzvimbo (semuenzaniso, pakati peAfrica nenyika dzisiri dzeAfrica).Musanganiswa wePolynesia hauna kuedzwa nekuda kwehukuru hwemuenzaniso hunoshandiswa muyedzo iyi.Dhata maererano nekukosha kwekusiyana muAUC uye humwe huwandu hwekutanga hwakaverengerwa uchishandisa ROC ongororo inoratidzwa muSupplementary Tafura S3.
ROC macurves akaiswa kune zvipfumbamwe zvakakosha chikamu fungidziro zvichibva pane vertex dataset ine 342 varume homologous dehenya modhi.AUC: Nzvimbo iri pasi pe curve pa 0.01% kukosha kunoshandiswa kusiyanisa imwe neimwe geographic musanganiswa kubva kune mamwe masanganiswa akakwana.TPF ndeyechokwadi yakanaka (rusarura runoshanda), FPF ndeyenhema (rusarura rusina basa).
Tsanangudzo yeROC curve inopfupikiswa pasi apa, inongotarisa chete kune zvikamu zvinogona kusiyanisa mapoka ekuenzanisa nekuva neAUC yakakura kana yakakura uye yakakwirira yekukosha ine mukana uri pasi pe0.001.Iyo yeSouth Asia yakaoma (Fig. 2a), inosanganisira kunyanya sampuli kubva kuIndia, inosiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakasanganiswa sampuli pakuti chikamu chekutanga (PC1) chine AUC yakakura zvikuru (0.856) kana ichienzaniswa nezvimwe zvikamu.Chinhu cheAfrica complex (Fig. 2b) ndiyo yakakura AUC yePC2 (0.834).Austro-Melanesians (Fig. 2c) yakaratidza maitiro akafanana kune Sub-Saharan Africa kuburikidza nePC2 ine AUC yakakura (0.759).VeEurope (Fig. 2d) zvakasiyana zvakajeka mukubatanidzwa kwePC2 (AUC = 0.801), PC4 (AUC = 0.719) uye PC6 (AUC = 0.671), sampuli yeNortheast Asia (Fig. 2e) yakasiyana zvikuru nePC4, ine zvishoma. yakakura 0.714, uye musiyano kubva kuPC3 hauna simba (AUC = 0.688).Mapoka anotevera akaonekwawo aine yakaderera AUC kukosha uye yakakwirira kukosha: Mibairo yePC7 (AUC = 0.679), PC4 (AUC = 0.654) uye PC1 (AUC = 0.649) yakaratidza kuti maNative America (Fig. 2f) ane chaiyo maitiro akabatana nezvikamu izvi, maSoutheast Asia (Fig. 2g) akasiyaniswa nePC3 (AUC = 0.660) uye PC9 (AUC = 0.663), asi muenzaniso wemasampuli kubva kuMiddle East (Fig. 2h) (kusanganisira North Africa) yakaenderana.Kuenzaniswa nevamwe hakuna misiyano yakawanda.
Muchinhanho chinotevera, kududzira nekuona ma vertices ane hukama hwakanyanya, nzvimbo dzepasi dzine mitoro yakakwira yakakura kupfuura 0.45 ine mavara ane X, Y, uye Z anoronga ruzivo, sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 3. Nzvimbo tsvuku inoratidza kuwirirana kwakanyanya X-axis coordinates, iyo inoenderana neyakachinjika yakachinjika gwara.Iyo dunhu rakasvibira rakabatana zvakanyanya neyakamira kurongeka yeY axis, uye rima rebhuruu dunhu rine hukama zvakanyanya nesagittal coordinate yeZ axis.Dunhu rebhuruu rakareruka rakabatana neY coordination axes uye Z coordinate axes;pink - nzvimbo yakasanganiswa yakabatana neiyo X uye Z inoronga matemo;yero - nharaunda yakabatana neiyo X uye Y inoronga matemo;Nzvimbo chena ine X, Y uye Z coordinate axis inoratidzwa.Naizvozvo, pane iyi mutoro wekukosha chikumbaridzo, PC 1 inonyanya kubatanidzwa nepamusoro pedehenya.Iyo 3 SD chaiyo dehenya chimiro kune mhiri kweiyi chikamu axis inoratidzwawo mumufananidzo uyu, uye mifananidzo yakamonyoroka inoratidzwa muSupplementary Vhidhiyo S1 kuratidza nemeso kuti PC1 ine zvinhu zvehukuru hwedehenya.
Frequency kugoverwa kwePC1 zvibodzwa (normal fit curve), color mepu yedehenya pamusoro inodyidzana zvakanyanya nePC1 vertices (tsananguro yemavara inoenderana neHukuru hwemativi akatarisana eakisi iyi 3 SD. Chikero ibhora rakasvibira rine dhayamita zve50 mm.
Mufananidzo 3 unoratidza frequency yekugovera plot (yakajairika yakakodzera curve) yega PC1 mamakisi akaverengerwa zvakasiyana kune 9 geographic unit.Pamusoro peiyo ROC curve estimates (Figure 2), fungidziro dzeSouth Asia dzine imwe nhanho dzakakombamira kuruboshwe nekuti matehenya avo madiki pane emamwe mapoka ematunhu.Sezvinoratidzwa muTable 1, maSouth Asia aya anomiririra mapoka emarudzi muIndia anosanganisira Andaman neNicobar Islands, Sri Lanka neBangladesh.
Iyo dimensional coefficient yakawanikwa paPC1.Kuwanikwa kwenzvimbo dzakabatana zvakanyanya uye maumbirwo chaiwo zvakakonzera kujekeswa kwemafomu ezvimwe zvikamu kunze kwePC1;zvisinei, saizi zvinhu hazvisi nguva dzose kubviswa zvachose.Sezvinoratidzwa nekuenzanisa ROC curves (Mufananidzo 2), PC2 uye PC4 dzaive dzakanyanya kusarura, dzichiteverwa nePC6 uye PC7.PC3 nePC9 dzinoshanda zvakanyanya pakupatsanura huwandu hwevanhu muzvikamu zvenzvimbo.Nokudaro, maviri aya ezvikamu zvemasanhu schematically anoratidza scatterplots yePC zvibodzwa uye mavara emhando anonyatsoenderana nechikamu chimwe nechimwe, pamwe chete nehutachiona hwemaumbirwo ane zviyero zvemativi akasiyana e3 SD (Figs. 4, 5, 6).Iyo convex hull kufukidzwa kwemasamples kubva kune yega yega geographic unit inomiririrwa muzvikamu izvi ingangoita 90%, kunyangwe paine imwe nhanho yekupindirana mukati memasumbu.Tafura 3 inopa tsananguro yeimwe neimwe PCA chikamu.
Scatterplots yePC2 uye PC4 zvibodzwa zvevanhu vane cranial kubva kumapfumbamwe enzvimbo (pamusoro) uye mana geographic mayuniti (pazasi), mapundu edehenya pamusoro peruvara rwevertices ane hukama zvakanyanya nePC yega yega (inoenderana neX, Y, Z).Tsananguro yeruvara yematemo: ona zvinyorwa), uye deformation yechimiro chechimiro pamativi akatarisana emasanhu aya 3 SD.Chikero ibhora rakasvibira rine dhayamita 50 mm.
Scatterplots yePC6 uye PC7 zvibodzwa zvevanhu vane cranial kubva kumapfumbamwe enzvimbo (pamusoro) uye maviri ejografia zvikamu (pazasi), cranial pamusoro peruvara rwemavara ema vertices ane hukama zvakanyanya nePC yega yega (inoenderana neX, Y, Z).Tsananguro yeruvara yematemo: ona zvinyorwa), uye deformation yechimiro chechimiro pamativi akatarisana emasanhu aya 3 SD.Chikero ibhora rakasvibira rine dhayamita 50 mm.
Scatterplots yePC3 uye PC9 zvibodzwa zvevanhu vane cranial kubva kupfumbamwe geographic unit (pamusoro) uye matatu geographic units (pazasi), uye mavara enzvimbo yedehenya (inoenderana neX, Y, Z axes) yema vertices ane hukama zvakanyanya nechero PC kududzira ruvara. : cm .zvinyorwa), pamwe chete neyakajeka chimiro deformations kumativi akatarisana ematemo aya ane ukuru hwe3 SD.Chikero ibhora rakasvibira rine dhayamita 50 mm.
Mugirafu rinoratidza zvibodzwa zvePC2 nePC4 (Fig. 4, Supplementary Videos S2, S3 inoratidza mifananidzo yakaremara), mepu yemuvara wepamusoro inoratidzwawo kana chikumbaridzo chemutoro chaiswa pamusoro pe0.4, iyo yakaderera pane PC1 nekuti. PC2 kukoshesa mutoro wose ishoma pane muPC1.
Kurebesa kwemberi uye occipital lobes munzira yesagittal pamwe neZ-axis (yakasviba bhuruu) uye parietal lobe munzira ye coronal (tsvuku) pane pink), iyo Y-axis yeocciput (girinhi) uye Z-axis. yehuma (dark blue).Girafu iri rinoratidza zvibodzwa zvevanhu vese pasi rese;zvisinei, apo sampuli dzose dzinosanganisira nhamba huru yemapoka inoratidzwa pamwe chete panguva imwe chete, kududzirwa kwemaitiro ekuparadzira kwakaoma zvakanyanya nekuda kwehuwandu hwehuwandu;saka, kubva kumayuniti mana chete makuru enzvimbo (kureva, Africa, Australasia-Melanesia, Europe, neNortheast Asia), samples dzakapararira pazasi pegirafu ne3 SD virtual cranial deformation mukati meiyi huwandu hwePC zvibodzwa.Mumufananidzo, PC2 nePC4 mapaya ezvibodzwa.MaAfrica nemaAustro-Melanesians anodhumhana uye akagoverwa akananga kudivi rekurudyi, ukuwo vekuEurope vakapararira vakananga kumusoro kuruboshwe uye vekuNortheast Asia vanowanzoungana vakananga kuzasi kuruboshwe.Iyo yakatwasuka axis yePC2 inoratidza kuti maAfrica/Australian Melanesians ane neurocranium yakati rebei kupfuura vamwe vanhu.PC4, umo musanganiswa weEurope nekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAsia zvakapatsanurwa zvakasununguka, inosanganiswa nehukuru uye fungidziro yemapfupa ezygomatic uye lateral contour yecalvarium.The scoring scheme inoratidza kuti veEurope vane maxillary maxillary uye zygomatic mapfupa, diki diki fossa nzvimbo inoganhurwa ne zygomatic arch, pfupa repamberi rakasimudzwa uye rakati sandara, rakaderera occipital bone, nepo maNortheast Asia anowanzo kuve nehupamhi uye ane mukurumbira zygomatic mapfupa. .Iyo yepamberi lobe yakarerekera, hwaro hwe occipital bone hunosimudzwa.
Paunenge uchitarisa paPC6 nePC7 (Fig. 5) (Supplementary Videos S4, S5 inoratidza mifananidzo yakakanganiswa), ruvara rwemavara runoratidza mutoro wemutoro mukuru kupfuura 0.3, zvichiratidza kuti PC6 inobatanidzwa ne maxillary kana alveolar morphology (tsvuku : X axis uye girinhi).Y axis), chimiro chepfupa chenguva (bhuruu: Y uye Z axes) uye occipital bone chimiro (pink: X uye Z axes).Pamusoro pehupamhi hwehuma (tsvuku: X-axis), PC7 zvakare inopindirana nekukwirira kweanterior maxillary alveoli (girinhi: Y-axis) uye Z-axis musoro chimiro chakatenderedza dunhu reparietotemporal (rima bhuruu).Muchikamu chepamusoro cheMufananidzo 5, ese masampula enzvimbo anogovaniswa zvinoenderana nePC6 uye PC7 chikamu chezvikamu.Nekuti ROC inoratidza kuti PC6 ine maficha akasiyana kuEurope uye PC7 inomiririra maNative American maficha muongororo iyi, aya masampuli maviri edunhu akarongwa zvine mutsindo paiyi mbiri yematemo.MaNative America, kunyangwe akabatanidzwa zvakanyanya mumuenzaniso, akapararira mukona yekumusoro kuruboshwe;ukuwo, akawanda eEuropean samples anowanzo kuve ari mukona yezasi yekurudyi.Iwo maviri PC6 nePC7 anomiririra yakamanikana alveolar process uye yakafara neurocranium yevaEurope, nepo maAmerican anoratidzirwa nehuma yakamanikana, yakakura maxilla, uye yakafara uye yakareba alveolar process.
ROC ongororo yakaratidza kuti PC3 uye / kana PC9 yaive yakajairika muSoutheast uye Northeast Asia vanhu.Saizvozvo, zvibodzwa zviviri zvePC3 (yakasvibira kumusoro chiso pa y-axis) uye PC9 (yegirini yakaderera chiso pa y-axis) (Fig. 6; Supplementary Videos S6, S7 inopa morphed mifananidzo) inoratidza kusiyana kweEast Asia., iyo inopesana zvakanyanya nehupamhi hwechiso chepamusoro cheNortheast Asia uye chimiro chepasi chechiso cheSoutheast Asia.Kunze kwezviso izvi, humwe hunhu hwevamwe vekuNortheast Asia kurereka kwe lambda ye occipital bone, nepo vamwe vekuSoutheast Asia vane chigadziko chedehenya.
Tsanangudzo iri pamusoro pezvikamu zvikuru uye tsananguro yePC5 nePC8 yakasiiwa nekuti hapana chaiwo maitiro edunhu akawanikwa pakati pemapfumbamwe makuru enzvimbo.PC5 inoreva hukuru hwemastoid process yepfupa renguva, uye PC8 inoratidza asymmetry yedehenya rose chimiro, zvese zvichiratidza mutsauko wakafanana pakati pezvipfumbamwe geographic sampuli musanganiswa.
Kuwedzera kune scatterplots yemunhu-level PCA zvibodzwa, isu tinopawo scatterplots yeboka nzira yekuenzanisa zvachose.Kuti izvi zviitike, avhareji yemhando yecranial homology yakagadzirwa kubva kune vertex data seti yemamodhi ega ega ehomology kubva kumapoka emarudzi 148.Bivariate plots of the score sets for PC2 and PC4, PC6 and PC7, and PC3 and PC9 inoratidzwa muSupplementary Figure S1, ose akaverengwa seavhareji yedehenya modhi yemuenzaniso wevanhu zana nemakumi mana nevasere.Nenzira iyi, scatterplots inovanza misiyano yemunhu muboka rega rega, zvichibvumira kududzirwa kwakajeka kwekufanana kwedehenya nekuda kwekuparadzirwa kwedunhu, uko maitiro anofanana neanoratidzwa mune ega ega ane kupindirana kushoma.Supplementary Figure S2 inoratidza iyo yakazara inorehwa modhi kune yega yega geographic unit.
Pamusoro pePC1, iyo yaibatanidzwa nehukuru hwese (Supplementary Table S2), hukama hwe allometric pakati pehukuru hwese uye chimiro chedehenya chakaongororwa uchishandisa centroid dimensions uye seti yePCA inofungidzira kubva kune isiri-normalized data.Allometric coefficients, zvinogara zvichikosha, t kukosha, uye P kukosha muyedzo yekukosha inoratidzwa muTable 4. Hapana yakakosha allometric pateni zvikamu zvine chekuita nehukuru hwedehenya rakawanikwa mune chero cranial morphology paP <0.05 level.
Nekuti mamwe saizi zvinhu zvinogona kuverengerwa muPC fungidziro zvichienderana neasina-normalized data seti, isu takaongororazve allometric maitiro pakati pehukuru hwecentroid uye PC mamaki akaverengerwa uchishandisa data seti yakajairwa nehukuru hwecentroid (PCA mhedzisiro uye zvibodzwa seti zvinounzwa muSupplementary Tables S6. ) .,C7).Tafura 4 inoratidza mhedzisiro ye allometric analysis.Nokudaro, maitiro anokosha e-alometric akawanikwa pa1% level muPC6 uye pa5% level muPC10.Mufananidzo 7 inoratidza kudzoreredzwa kwemateru eiyi log-mutsara hukama pakati pePC mamakisi uye centroid saizi ine dummies (± 3 SD) kune chero kumagumo kweiyo log centroid saizi.Iyo PC6 mamakisi ireshiyo yehumwe hurefu nehupamhi hwedehenya.Sezvo kukura kwedehenya kunowedzera, dehenya nechiso zvinova zvakakwirira, uye huma, zvigadziko zveziso nemhino zvinowanzova pedyo pamwe chete.Maitiro ekuparadzira emuenzaniso anoratidza kuti chikamu ichi chinowanikwa muNortheast Asia uye maNative America.Uyezve, PC10 inoratidza maitiro akananga kuderedzwa kwepakati mukati mehupamhi hwepakati zvisinei nenzvimbo.
Kune akakosha allometric hukama akanyorwa patafura, kutsetseka kweiyo log-mutsara regression pakati pePC chikamu chechimiro chechikamu (chinowanikwa kubva kune yakajairwa data) uye saizi yecentroid, iyo chaiyo chimiro deformation ine saizi ye3 SD pane divi rakatarisana nemutsara we4.
Iyo inotevera patani yekuchinja mucranial morphology yakaratidzwa kuburikidza nekuongororwa kwedatasets ehomologous 3D pamusoro pemhando.Chinhu chekutanga chePCA chine chekuita nehukuru hwedehenya.Zvagara zvichifungwa kuti madehenya madiki evaSouth Asia, kusanganisira mienzaniso kubva kuIndia, Sri Lanka neAndaman Islands, Bangladesh, imhaka yekukura kwemuviri wavo mudiki, zvinoenderana nekutonga kweBergmann's ecogeographic kana kutonga kwechitsuwa613,5,16,25, 27,62 .Yekutanga inoenderana nekupisa, uye yechipiri zvinoenderana nenzvimbo iripo uye zviwanikwa zvekudya zveiyo ecological niche.Pakati pezvikamu zvechimiro, shanduko huru ndeyeyero yehurefu nehupamhi hwe cranial vault.Ichi chimiro, chakasarudzwa PC2, chinotsanangura hukama hwepedyo pakati pematehenya akareba eAustro-Melanesians uye maAfrica, pamwe nekusiyana kubva kumadehenya akatenderera evamwe vekuEurope neNortheast Asia.Aya maitiro akashumwa mune dzakawanda zvidzidzo zvekare zvichibva pane zvakapfava mutsara zviyero37,63,64.Uyezve, hunhu uhu hunobatanidzwa nebrachycephaly mune vasiri veAfrica, iyo yakagara ichikurukurwa mune anthropometric uye osteometric zvidzidzo.Pfungwa huru iri shure kweiyi tsananguro ndeyokuti kuderera kwemastication, zvakadai sekutetepa kwemuviri wenguva, kunoderedza kudzvinyirira kwekunze kwemusoro5,8,9,10,11,12,13.Imwe fungidziro inosanganisira kuchinjika kumamiriro ekunze anotonhora nekudzikisa musoro pamusoro penzvimbo, zvichiratidza kuti dehenya rakaita denderedzwa rinoderedza nzvimbo yepasi zviri nani pane chimiro chedenderedzwa, maererano nemitemo yaAllen16,17,25.Zvichienderana nemhedzisiro yechidzidzo chazvino, idzi fungidziro dzinogona kuongororwa chete zvichibva pamuchinjikwa-kuwirirana kwezvikamu zvecranial.Muchidimbu, mhedzisiro yedu yePCA haitsigire zvizere fungidziro yekuti cranial urefu-hupamhi chiyero inokonzerwa zvakanyanya nekutsenga mamiriro, sezvo PC2 (yakareba / brachycephalic chikamu) kurodha kwaisave kwakabatana zvakanyanya nehupamhi hwechiso (kusanganisira hukama maxillary dimensions).uye nzvimbo yakaenzana ye temporal fossa (inoratidzira vhoriyamu ye temporalis muscle).Chidzidzo chedu chemazuva ano hachina kuongorora hukama pakati pechimiro chedehenya uye geological mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza akadai sekushisa;zvisinei, tsananguro yakavakirwa pakutonga kwaAllen ingave yakakodzera kutariswa semumiriri hypothesis kutsanangura brachycephalon munzvimbo dzinotonhora dzemamiriro ekunze.
Musiyano wakakosha wakabva wawanikwa muPC4, zvichiratidza kuti maNortheast Asia ane makuru, akakurumbira mapfupa ezgomatic pane maxilla uye zygomatic mapfupa.Ichi chinowanikwa chinopindirana nehunozivikanwa hunozivikanwa hunozivikanwa hweSiberia, avo vanofungidzirwa kuti vakashandura kumhepo inotonhora zvikuru nekufamba mberi kwemapfupa ezgomatic, zvichiita kuti kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwemasina uye chiso chinopisa 65.Kutsva kutsva kubva kune yedu homologous modhi ndeyekuti dama rakanyura muEurope rinosanganiswa nekuderedzwa kwemberi kutsetseka, pamwe neyakatsetseka uye yakamanikana occipital mapfupa uye nuchal concavity.Kusiyana neizvi, vekuNortheast Asia vanowanzove vane huma dzakatenuka uye vakasimudza occipital nzvimbo.Zvidzidzo zve occipital bone uchishandisa geometric morphometric nzira35 zvakaratidza kuti madhehenya eAsia neEurope ane flatter nuchal curve uye nzvimbo yakaderera ye occiput kana ichienzaniswa nevaAfrica.Nekudaro, yedu scatterplots yePC2 uye PC4 uye PC3 uye PC9 pairs yakaratidza mutsauko mukuru muAsia, nepo maEurope airatidzwa neyakafuratira base ye occiput uye yakaderera occiput.Kusapindirana kwehunhu hweAsia pakati pezvidzidzo kunogona kunge kuri nekuda kwekusiyana kwemhando dzemasamples dzakashandiswa, sezvatakaongorora nhamba huru yemapoka emarudzi kubva munzvimbo yakakura yeNortheast neSoutheast Asia.Kuchinja kwechimiro chefupa re occipital kunowanzobatanidzwa nekukura kwemisumbu.Zvisinei, iyi tsanangudzo inogadzirisa haigadziri kuwirirana pakati pehuma uye occiput chimiro, iyo yakaratidzwa muchidzidzo ichi asi haigoni kuve yakanyatsoratidzwa.Panyaya iyi, zvakakosha kufunga nezvehukama huri pakati pehuremu hwemuviri uye pakati pesimba regiravhiti kana cervical junction (foramen magnum) kana zvimwe zvinhu.
Chimwe chikamu chakakosha nekusiyana kukuru kwakabatana nekusimudzirwa kwemasticatory apparatus, inomiririrwa ne maxillary uye temporal fossae, iyo inotsanangurwa nekubatanidzwa kwezvikamu zvePC6, PC7 uye PC4.Uku kudzikiswa kwakacherechedzwa muzvikamu zvecranial kunoratidza vanhu vekuEurope kupfuura chero rimwe boka renzvimbo.Ichi chimiro chakadudzirwa sechikonzero chekudzikama kwekugadzikana kwechiso chechimiro nekuda kwekutanga kuvandudzwa kwekurima uye kugadzira chikafu, izvo zvakazoderedza mutoro wemuchina pane masticatory apparatus pasina ane simba masticatory apparatus9,12,28,66.Zvinoenderana neiyo masticatory function hypothesis, 28 izvi zvinoperekedzwa nekuchinjika kwekuchinjika kwedehenya kune imwe acute cranial angle uye yakawanda spherical cranial denga.Kubva pamaonero aya, vanhu vekurima vanowanzove nechiso chakabatana, kuderera kwe mandible, uye mamwe globular meninges.Naizvozvo, deformation iyi inogona kutsanangurwa neyakajairwa ratidziro ye lateral chimiro chedehenya revaEurope vane nhengo dzakadzikiswa dzemasticatory.Zvisinei, maererano nechidzidzo ichi, kududzirwa uku kwakaoma nokuti kukosha kwekushanda kwehukama hwe morphological pakati pe globose neurocranium uye kukura kwemasticatory apparatus haigamuchirwi, sezvinofungidzirwa mukududzirwa kwekare kwePC2.
Misiyano pakati peMaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAsia neMaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAsia inoratidzwa nemusiyano uri pakati pechiso chakareba chine pfupa reoccipital rakatenuka uye nechiso chipfupi chine chigadziko chedehenya rakatetepa, sezvakaratidzwa muPC3 nePC9.Nekuda kwekushaikwa kwedata re geoecological, chidzidzo chedu chinongopa tsananguro shoma yeichi kuwanikwa.Tsananguro inogoneka ndeyekuenderana nemamiriro ekunze akasiyana kana mamiriro ekudya.Pamusoro pekugadzirisa kwezvakatipoteredza, misiyano yenzvimbo munhoroondo yevanhu muNortheast neSoutheast Asia yakaverengerwawo.Semuenzaniso, kumabvazuva kweEurasia, maviri-layer modhi yakafungidzirwa kuti inzwisise kupararira kwevanhu vemazuva ano anotomically (AMH) zvichibva pane cranial morphometric data67,68.Maererano nemuenzaniso uyu, "chikamu chekutanga", kureva kuti, mapoka ekutanga eLate Pleistocene AMH colonizers, aive neanodarika kana mashoma akananga kubva kune vagari vemo vemunharaunda, kufanana neAustro-Melanesians yemazuva ano (p. First stratum)., uye gare gare akawana musanganiswa wakakura wevanhu vekurima vekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAsia (yechipiri layer) munharaunda (anenge makore 4,000 apfuura).Gene inoyerera yakamepurwa uchishandisa "mbiri-layer" modhi inozodiwa kuti unzwisise Southeast Asia cranial chimiro, zvichipihwa kuti Southeast Asian cranial chimiro chinogona kutsamira muchikamu padanho rekutanga genetic nhaka.
Nekuongorora kufanana kwecranial tichishandisa geographic units dzakaiswa mamepu dzichishandisa homologous modhi, tinogona kufungidzira nhoroondo yehuwandu hwevanhu veAMF mumamiriro ezvinhu kunze kweAfrica.Mazhinji akasiyana "kunze kweAfrica" mamodheru akarongedzerwa kutsanangura kugoverwa kweAMF zvichibva pane skeletal uye genomic data.Pane izvi, zvidzidzo zvenguva pfupi yapfuura zvinoratidza kuti AMH kukoloni kwenzvimbo dziri kunze kweAfrica kwakatanga makore angangoita 177,000 apfuura69,70.Nekudaro, kugovaniswa kureba kweAMF muEurasia panguva ino kunoramba kusingazivikanwe, sezvo nzvimbo dzekugara dzeaya mafossil ekutanga anongogumira kuMiddle East neMediterranean pedyo neAfrica.Nyaya yakapfava ndeyekugara kumwe chete munzira yekufambisa kubva kuAfrica kuenda kuEurasia, ichipfuura zvipingamupinyi zvenzvimbo seHimalayas.Imwe modhi inoratidza mafungu akawanda ekutama, ekutanga akapararira kubva kuAfrica achitevedza Indian Ocean pamhenderekedzo yeSoutheast Asia neAustralia, ndokuzopararira kuchamhembe kweEurasia.Zvizhinji zvezvidzidzo izvi zvinosimbisa kuti AMF yakapararira kure kupfuura Africa makore anosvika 60 000 apfuura.Panyaya iyi, maAustralasian-Melanesia (kusanganisira Papua) masampuli anoratidza kufanana kukuru kune masamples emuAfrica pane chero imwe geographic series muchikamu chikuru chekuongorora mhando dzehomology.Kuwana uku kunotsigira pfungwa yekuti mapoka ekutanga eAMF ekugovera kumucheto kwekumaodzanyemba kweEurasia akasimuka akananga muAfrica22,68 pasina shanduko huru ye morphological maererano nemamiriro ekunze chaiwo kana mamwe mamiriro akakosha.
Nezve kukura kwe allometric, ongororo uchishandisa zvimiro zvechimiro zvakatorwa kubva kwakasiyana dhata yakajairwa necentroid saizi yakaratidza yakakosha allometric maitiro muPC6 nePC10.Zvose zvikamu zvine chokuita nechimiro chehuma uye zvikamu zvechiso, izvo zvinova zvishoma sezvo ukuru hwedehenya hunowedzera.Maodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAsia neAmerica vanowanzove nechinhu ichi uye vane madehenya akakura.Kuwanikwa uku kunopesana nezvakambotaurwa maitiro e allometric umo huropi hukuru hune kureba kumberi kwenzvimbo inonzi "Broca's cap" dunhu, zvichikonzera kuwedzera kumberi kwelobe wide34.Misiyano iyi inotsanangurwa nekusiyana kwemasample seti;Chidzidzo chedu chakaongorora allometric mapatani ehukuru hwecranial saizi tichishandisa huwandu hwazvino, uye zvidzidzo zvekuenzanisa zvinogadzirisa maitiro enguva refu mukushanduka kwevanhu ane chekuita nehukuru hwehuropi.
Nezve allometry yechiso, imwe ongororo ichishandisa biometric data78 yakawana kuti chimiro chechiso nekukura zvinogona kudyidzana zvishoma, nepo ongororo yedu yakawana kuti matehenya makuru anowanzo kubatanidzwa nehurefu, huso hwakatetepa.Zvisinei, kuwirirana kwebiometric data hakuna kujeka;Regression bvunzo kuenzanisa ontogenetic allometry uye static allometry inoratidza mhedzisiro dzakasiyana.Iyo allometric tendency yakanangana nespherical dehenya chimiro nekuda kwekuwedzera kureba yakashumwawo;zvisinei, isu hatina kuongorora hurefu data.Chidzidzo chedu chinoratidza kuti hapana allometric data inoratidza kuwirirana pakati pecranial globular zviyero uye yakazara cranial size per se.
Kunyange zvazvo chidzidzo chedu chemazuva ano chisingabatanidzi data pamusoro pezvakasiyana-siyana zvinomiririrwa nemamiriro ekunze kana mamiriro ezvokudya zvinogona kukanganisa cranial morphology, iyo huru data seti ye homologous 3D cranial surface modhi inoshandiswa muchidzidzo ichi ichabatsira kuongorora correlated phenotypic morphological variation.Zvinhu zvakatipoteredza zvakadai sekudya, mamiriro ekunze uye kudya kunovaka muviri, pamwe chete nemasimba asina kwaakarerekera akadai sekutama, kuyerera kwemajini uye genetic drift.
Ichi chidzidzo chaisanganisira 342 mienzaniso yemahenya echirume akaunganidzwa kubva ku148 vanhu mu9 geographic units (Tafura 1).Mapoka mazhinji ndeemienzaniso yenzvimbo, nepo mamwe mapoka emuAfrica, Maodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva/kuMaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAsia neAmerica (akanyorwa mumabhii akatsveyama) anotsanangurwa dzinza.Mazhinji emhando dze cranial dzakasarudzwa kubva ku cranial yekuyera dhatabhesi zvinoenderana neiyo Martin cranial yekuyera tsananguro yakapihwa naTsunehiko Hanihara.Isu takasarudza madehenya echirume anomiririra kubva kumarudzi ese epasi.Kuti tizive nhengo dzeboka rega rega, takaverenga nhambwe dzeEuclidean zvichibva pazviyero makumi matatu nemanomwe kubva kuboka zvinoreva kune vese vanhu veboka iro.Kazhinji, isu takasarudza 1-4 samples ine diki kureba kubva kune inorehwa (Supplementary Table S4).Kumapoka aya, mamwe masampuli akasarudzwa zvisina tsarukano kana asina kunyorwa mudhatabhesi yekuyera yeHahara.
Nokuda kwekuenzanisa kwenhamba, sampuli dzehuwandu hwe148 dzakaiswa muzvikamu zvikuru zvejogirafi, sezvakaratidzwa muTebhurari 1. Boka re "Africa" rinongosanganisira sampuli kubva kunharaunda yesub-Saharan.Mienzaniso kubva kuNorth Africa yakabatanidzwa mu "Middle East" pamwe chete nemuenzaniso kubva kuWest Asia nemamiriro akafanana.Boka reNortheast Asia rinosanganisira vanhu vasiri vekuEurope chete, uye boka reAmerica rinosanganisira maNative America chete.Kunyanya, boka iri rinogoverwa munzvimbo yakakura yeNorth uye South America makondinendi, munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana.Zvisinei, isu tinofunga sampuli yeUnited States mukati meiyi imwechete geographic unit, yakapiwa nhoroondo yevanhu veNative America vanoonekwa seNortheast Asia kubva, pasinei nekutama kwakawanda 80.
Isu takarekodha 3D pamusoro data yeiyi misiyano yedehenya mienzaniso tichishandisa yakakwirira-resolution 3D scanner (EinScan Pro by Shining 3D Co Ltd, kushoma resolution: 0.5 mm, https://www.shining3d.com/) tichibva tagadzira mesh.Iyo mesh modhi ine angangoita mazana maviri emakumi mana-400,000 vertices, uye iyo inosanganisirwa software inoshandiswa kuzadza maburi uye mipendero yakatsetseka.
Mudanho rekutanga, takashandisa scan data kubva kune chero dehenya kugadzira imwe-template mesh dehenya modhi ine 4485 vertices (8728 polygonal zviso).Nheyo yenzvimbo yedehenya, ine sphenoid bone, petrous temporal bone, palate, maxillary alveoli, uye mazino, yakabviswa kubva patemplate mesh modhi.Chikonzero ndechekuti zvimiro izvi dzimwe nguva hazvina kukwana kana kuoma kupedzisa nekuda kwezvikamu zvitete kana zvitete zvakapinza senge pterygoid nzvimbo uye maitiro e styloid, kupera kwemazino uye / kana kusawirirana kwemazino.Chigadziko chedehenya chakatenderedza foramen magnum, kusanganisira chigadziko, hachina kudzokororwa nekuti iyi inzvimbo yakakosha yeanatomical yenzvimbo yemajoini echibereko uye kureba kwedehenya kunofanirwa kuongororwa.Shandisa mhete dzegirazi kugadzira template ine symmetrical pamativi ese.Ita isotropic meshing kushandura polygonal maumbirwo kuti ave akaenzana sezvinobvira.
Tevere, makumi mashanu nenhanhatu mamakisi akagoverwa kune anatomical inoenderana vertices yetemplate modhi uchishandisa HBM-Rugle software.Landmark marongero anovimbisa huchokwadi uye kugadzikana kwekumisikidzwa kwenzvimbo uye kuve nechokwadi chehomology yenzvimbo idzi mune yakagadzirwa homology modhi.Ivo vanogona kuzivikanwa zvichienderana nehunhu hwavo chaihwo, sezvakaratidzwa muSupplementary Table S5 uye Supplementary Figure S3.Zvinoenderana netsanangudzo yaBookstein81, mazhinji eaya mamarkmark eType I enzvimbo anowanikwa pamharadzano yezvivakwa zvitatu, uye mamwe ari Type II mamaki ane mapoinzi ekukombama.Nzvimbo dzakawanda dzakatamiswa kubva kunzvimbo dzakatsanangurwa kuyera mutsara wezviyero mutsanangudzo yaMartin 36. Takatsanangura zvakafanana 56 mamodheru emhando dzakaongororwa dzedehenya 342, idzo dzakapihwa nemaoko kuti dzienderane neanatomical mavertices kugadzira mamwe emhando dzehomology dzakanyanya muchikamu chinotevera.
A head-centric coordinate system yakatsanangurwa kutsanangura scan data uye template, sezvakaratidzwa muSupplementary Figure S4.Ndege yeXZ ndiyo ndege yeFrankfurt yakatwasuka inopfuura nepanzvimbo yepamusoro (tsanangudzo yaMartin: chikamu) chepamusoro chekumusoro kwekuruboshwe nekurudyi kwekunze kwenzira dzekunzwa uye nzvimbo yakaderera (tsananguro yaMartin: orbit) yemucheto wezasi weruboshwe orbit. ..X axis ndiwo mutsetse unobatanidza mativi ekuruboshwe nekurudyi, uye X+ ndiro divi rekurudyi.Ndege yeYZ inopfuura nepakati pechikamu chekuruboshwe nekurudyi uye mudzi wemhino: Y+ kumusoro, Z+ kumberi.Nzvimbo yereferensi (yekutangira: zero coordinate) yakaiswa pamharadzano yeYZ ndege (yepakati), ndege yeXZ (ndege yeFrankfort) uye ndege yeXY (ndege yekorona).
Takashandisa HBM-Rugle software (Medic Engineering, Kyoto, http://www.rugle.co.jp/) kugadzira homologous mesh modhi nekuita template fitting tichishandisa 56 landmark points (kuruboshwe rweFigure 1).Iyo yakakosha software component, yakatanga kugadzirwa neCentre for Digital Human Research kuInstitute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology muJapan, inonzi HBM uye ine mabasa ekukodzera matemplate anoshandisa mamaki uye kugadzira yakanaka mesh modhi ichishandisa partitioning surface82.Iyo inotevera software vhezheni (mHBM) 83 yakawedzera chimiro chepateni yekukodzera isina mamaki kuti uvandudze kuita kwakakodzera.HBM-Rugle inosanganisa mHBM software nekuwedzera mushandisi-ane hushamwari maficha anosanganisira kugadzirisa kurongeka masisitimu uye kudzoreredza data rekuisa.Kuvimbika kweiyo software yakakodzera kurongeka kwakasimbiswa mune dzakawanda zvidzidzo52,54,55,56,57,58,59,60.
Kana uchikodzera HBM-Rugle template uchishandisa mamaki, iyo template mesh modhi inokwidziridzwa pane inotariswa scan data nekuomarara kunyoreswa kwakavakirwa paICP tekinoroji (kudzikisa huwandu hwemafaro ari pakati penzvimbo dzinoenderana netemplate uye data yakanangwa yekuongorora), uye zvino nekusaomarara deformation ye mesh inogadzirisa template kune yakananga scan data.Iyi yekukodzera maitiro yakadzokororwa katatu uchishandisa akasiyana siyana eiyo maviri akakodzera paramita kuvandudza iko kurongeka.Imwe yeaya maparamendi inodzikamisa chinhambwe pakati peiyo template grid modhi uye yakanangwa scan data, uye imwe yacho inorangira chinhambwe pakati pematemplate enzvimbo nenzvimbo dzakanangwa.Yakaremara template mesh modhi yakazogovaniswa ichishandisa cyclic surface subdivision algorithm 82 kugadzira imwe yakanatswa mesh modhi ine 17,709 vertices (34,928 polygons).Chekupedzisira, iyo yakakamurwa template grid modhi inokodzera kune yakatarwa scan data kuti igadzire homology modhi.Sezvo nzvimbo dzakakosha dzakati siyanei nedziya dziri mudhata yekutarisisa, modhi yehomology yakanyatso kurongeka kuti ivatsanangure vachishandisa hurongwa hwekutarisa musoro hwakatsanangurwa muchikamu chakapfuura.Avhareji chinhambwe pakati inoenderana homologous modhi mamaki uye chinangwa scan data mumasampuli ese aive <0.01 mm.Yakaverengerwa uchishandisa HBM-Rugle basa, avhareji chinhambwe pakati pehomology modhi data points uye target scan data yaive 0.322 mm (Supplementary Table S2).
Kutsanangura shanduko mucranial morphology, 17,709 vertices (53,127 XYZ coordinates) eese mamologous modhi akaongororwa neprincipal component analysis (PCA) vachishandisa HBS software yakagadzirwa neCentre for Digital Human Science paInstitute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology., Japan (mutengesi wekugovera: Medic Engineering, Kyoto, http://www.rugle.co.jp/).Isu takazoedza kuisa PCA kune isina kurongeka data seti uye iyo data seti yakajairwa nehukuru hwecentroid.Nekudaro, PCA yakavakirwa pane isina kuisirwa data inogona kunyatso ratidza chimiro checranial chezvipfumbamwe geographic unit uye kufambisa kududzira chikamu pane PCA uchishandisa yakajairwa data.
Ichi chinyorwa chinopa nhamba yezvakaonekwa zvakakosha zvikamu nemupiro weinopfuura 1% yekusiyana kwese.Kuti uone zvikamu zvikuru zvinonyanya kushanda mukusiyanisa mapoka mumapoka makuru ejogirafi, mutevedzeri wekushanda maitiro (ROC) kuongororwa kwakashandiswa kune principal component (PC) zvibodzwa nemupiro mukuru kupfuura 2% 84.Ongororo iyi inoburitsa mukana weiyo PCA chikamu chega chega kuti ivandudze mashandiro emhando uye kunyatso enzanisa zvirongwa pakati pemapoka enzvimbo.Dhigirii resimba rerusarura rinogona kuongororwa nenharaunda iri pasi pe curve (AUC), uko PCA zvikamu zvine hukuru hukuru zvinokwanisa kusarura pakati pemapoka.Chi-square test yakazoitwa kuti iongorore kukosha.Ongororo yeROC yakaitwa muMicrosoft Excel uchishandisa Bell Curve yeExcel software (vhezheni 3.21).
Kuona misiyano yenzvimbo mu cranial morphology, ma scatterplots akagadzirwa achishandisa PC mamaki akanyanya kusiyanisa mapoka kubva kune makuru enzvimbo.Kududzira zvakakosha, shandisa mepu yeruvara kuona mavheti emhando ane hukama zvakanyanya nemidziyo mikuru.Pamusoro pezvo, maratidziro chaiwo emagumo echikamu chikuru maekisi ari pa ± 3 yakajairwa kutsauka (SD) yechikamu chechikamu mamakisi akaverengerwa uye akaunzwa muvhidhiyo yekuwedzera.
Allometry yakashandiswa kuona hukama pakati pedehenya chimiro uye saizi zvinhu zvakaongororwa muPCA ongororo.Ongororo yacho inoshanda kune zvakakosha zvikamu zvine mipiro> 1%.Imwe miganho yePCA iyi ndeyekuti zvikamu zvechimiro hazvigone kuratidza chimiro nekuti iyo isiri-yakajairwa data seti haibvisi ese madiki zvinhu.Pamusoro pekushandisa zvisina kurongeka data seti, isu takaongororawo allometric maitiro tichishandisa maPC chikamu seti zvichibva pane yakajairwa centroid saizi data yakashandiswa kune zvakakosha zvikamu nemipiro> 1%.
Allometric maitiro akaedzwa pachishandiswa equation Y = aXb 85 apo Y chiri chimiro kana chidimbu chechikamu chechimiro, X saizi yecentroid (Supplementary Table S2), a is a always value, uye b is the allometric coefficient.Iyi nzira inonyanya kuunza allometric kukura zvidzidzo mu geometric morphometry78,86.Shanduko yelogarithmic yeformula iyi ndeiyi: log Y = b × log X + log a.Ongororo yekudzoreredza pachishandiswa nzira yemakona madiki yakashandiswa kuverenga a uye b.Kana Y (centroid saizi) uye X (PC zvibodzwa) zvashandurwa logarithmically, izvi zvakakosha zvinofanirwa kuve zvakanaka;zvisinei, seti yefungidziro ye X ine hutsika husina kunaka.Semhinduro, takawedzera kutenderedza kune chaiyo kukosha kwechikamu chidiki diki pamwe ne1 pachikamu chega chega muchikamu chega chega uye takaisa shanduko yelogarithmic kune ese akashandurwa akanaka zvikamu.Kukosha kwe allometric coefficients kwakaongororwa pachishandiswa t bvunzo yeMudzidzi ine miswe miviri.Aya masvomhu ekuyedza kukura kwe allometric akaitwa pachishandiswa Bell Curves muExcel software (version 3.21).
Wolpoff, MH Climatic mhedzisiro pamhino dze skeleton.Ehe.J. Phys.Hunhu.29, 405–423.https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330290315 (1968).
Beals, KL Musoro chimiro uye kushushikana kwemamiriro ekunze.Ehe.J. Phys.Hunhu.37, 85–92.https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330370111 (1972).
Nguva yekutumira: Kubvumbi-02-2024