Rui Diogo haashandire, haave nemasheya mu, kana kugamuchira mari kubva kukambani kana sangano ripi zvaro ringabatsirwa nechinyorwa chino, uye haana chekuburitsa pachena kunze kwechinzvimbo chake chedzidzo. Mamwe masangano akakodzera.
Rusaruraganda rwevanhu nerusaruraganda zvakapararira munyika kubvira pakutanga kwekurima, apo vanhu vakatanga kugara munzvimbo imwe kwenguva yakareba. Masayendisiti ekutanga ekuMadokero, saAristotle muGreece yekare, vakadzidziswa netsika dzechivanhu netsika dzechikadzi dzaipararira munharaunda dzavo. Makore anopfuura 2,000 mushure mebasa raAristotle, nyanzvi yezvisikwa yekuBritain Charles Darwin yakawedzerawo pfungwa dzerusaruraganda nedzechikadzi dzaakanga anzwa nekuverenga nezvadzo achiri mudiki kunyika yechisikigo.
Darwin akaratidza rusaruro rwake sechokwadi chesainzi, semuenzaniso mubhuku rake ra1871 rinonzi The Descent of Man, maakatsanangura chitendero chake chekuti varume vaive vakakwira kupfuura vakadzi nekushanduka-shanduka, kuti vaEurope vaive vakakwira kupfuura vasiri vaEurope, kuti hutongi hwematunhu, tsika dzetsika zvaive nani pane nzanga diki dzakaenzana. Achiri kudzidziswa muzvikoro nemumamiziyamu enhoroondo yezvisikwa nhasi, akataura kuti "zvishongo zvakashata uye mimhanzi yakashata yakafanana inonamatwa nemhuka zhinji dzesango" hazvina kushanduka zvakanyanya sedzimwe mhuka, dzakadai seshiri, uye zvingadai zvisina kushanduka zvakanyanya sedzimwe mhuka, dzakadai setsoko reNew World Pithecia satanas.
Bhuku rinonzi The Descent of Man rakaburitswa panguva yekusagadzikana kwevanhu muEurope. MuFrance, Paris Commune yevashandi yakaita migwagwa ichida shanduko huru munharaunda, kusanganisira kubviswa kwehutungamiriri hwevanhu. Darwin anoti varanda vevarombo, vasiri vekuEurope, nevakadzi vaive mhedzisiro yechisikigo yekufambira mberi kwekushanduka-shanduka kwehupenyu hwavo, zvechokwadi yaive mimhanzi yakanaka kune vepamusoro nevari musimba mumatunhu esainzi. Munyori wenhoroondo yesainzi Janet Brown anonyora kuti kukwira kwaDarwin kwakashata munharaunda yeVictoria kwakakonzerwa zvakanyanya nekunyora kwake, kwete nekunyora kwake kwerusaruraganda uye kwepabonde.
Hazvisi tsaona kuti Darwin akavigwa muWestminster Abbey, chiratidzo chinoremekedzwa chesimba reBritain uye chakapembererwa pachena sechiratidzo che "kukunda kwakabudirira kweBritain pasi rose zvisikwa nebudiriro panguva yekutonga kwenguva refu kwaVictoria."
Pasinei nekuchinja kukuru kwevanhu munharaunda mumakore zana nemakumi mashanu apfuura, kutaura kwerusaruraganda uye rusaruraganda kuchiri kupararira mune zvesainzi, mushonga, uye dzidzo. Semuprofesa nemuongorori paHoward University, ndinofarira kubatanidza minda yangu mikuru yekudzidza—biology neanthropology—kuti ndikurukure nyaya dzakawanda dzevanhu. Muchidzidzo chandakaburitsa munguva pfupi yapfuura nemumwe wangu Fatima Jackson nevadzidzi vatatu vekurapa kuHoward, tinoratidza kuti mutauro werusaruraganda uye rusaruraganda hausi chinhu chekare: uchiripo muzvinyorwa zvesainzi, mabhuku ekudzidza, mamiziyamu, uye zvinhu zvekudzidzisa.
Muenzaniso werusaruro ruchiripo munharaunda yesainzi yanhasi nderwekuti nhoroondo dzakawanda dzekushanduka-shanduka kwevanhu dzinofungidzira kufambira mberi kwakanangana kubva kuvanhu vane ganda dema, "vasina tsika" kusvika kuvanhu vane ganda jena, "vakabudirira". Mamiziyamu enhoroondo yechisikigo, mawebhusaiti, nenzvimbo dzenhaka dzeUNESCO zvinoratidza maitiro aya.
Kunyange zvazvo tsananguro idzi dzisingaenderane nechokwadi chesainzi, izvi hazvidziviriri kuti dzirambe dzichipararira. Nhasi, vanhu vanosvika 11% "vachena," kureva vekuEurope. Mifananidzo inoratidza shanduko dzakatwasuka muruvara rweganda hairatidzi nhoroondo yekushanduka kwevanhu kana chitarisiko chevanhu nhasi. Pamusoro pezvo, hapana humbowo hwesainzi hwekuti ganda rinopenya zvishoma nezvishoma. Ruvara rweganda rwakajeka rwakatanga kunyanya mumapoka mashoma akatamira kunzvimbo dziri kunze kweAfrica, munzvimbo dzakakwirira kana dzakaderera, dzakadai seNorth America, Europe, neAsia.
Kutaura kwevanhukadzi nevanhurume kuchiri kupararira muzvikoro. Semuenzaniso, mubepa ra2021 rinotaura nezvezvisaririra zvekare zvevanhu zvakawanikwa panzvimbo yekuchera matongo muAtapuerca Mountains muSpain, vaongorori vakaongorora zvisaririra zvezvisaririra izvi ndokuona kuti zvechokwadi zvaive zvemwana ane makore ari pakati pe9 ne11. Zvisaririra zvemusikana. Zvisaririra izvi zvaimbofungidzirwa kuti ndezvemukomana nekuda kwebhuku rakatengeswa zvakanyanya muna 2002 rakanyorwa nenyanzvi yezvechivanhu José María Bermúdez de Castro, mumwe wevanyori vebepa racho. Chinonyanya kushamisa ndechekuti vanyori vechidzidzo ichi vakabvuma kuti pakanga pasina hwaro hwesainzi hwekuziva kuti chisaririra ichi ndechemurume. Sarudzo yacho "yakaitwa netsaona," vakanyora kudaro.
Asi sarudzo iyi haisi "yechinyakare" chaiyo. Nhoroondo dzekushanduka-shanduka kwevanhu dzinowanzo ratidza varume chete. Muzviitiko zvishoma apo vakadzi vanoratidzwa, vanowanzo ratidzwa semadzimai asingashande pane kuva vagadziri vezvinhu, vanyori vemapako, kana vaunganidzi vezvokudya, pasinei nehumbowo hwezvevanhu hwekuti vakadzi vekare vaiva izvozvo chaizvo.
Mumwe muenzaniso wenyaya dzechikadzi dzinoratidza rusaruro mune zvesainzi ndewekuti vaongorori vanoramba vachikurukura nezvekushanduka-shanduka kwe "kunoshamisa" kwepamuviri pevakadzi. Darwin akagadzira nyaya yekuti vakadzi vakashanduka sei kuti vave "vanonyara" uye vasingadi zvepabonde, kunyangwe akabvuma kuti mumarudzi mazhinji emhuka dzinoyamwisa, vakadzi vanosarudza varume vavo. Semugari weVictorian, akaona zvakaoma kugamuchira kuti vakadzi vanogona kutamba basa guru mukusarudza varume, saka aitenda kuti basa iri raive revakadzi pakutanga kwekushanduka-shanduka kwevanhu. Sekureva kwaDarwin, varume vakazotanga kusarudza vakadzi pabonde.
Vanoda zvepabonde vanoti vakadzi "vanonyara" uye "havanyanyi kuita zvepabonde," kusanganisira pfungwa yekuti kusangana pabonde kwevakadzi chakavanzika chekushanduka-shanduka, zvinorambwa nehumbowo hwakawanda. Semuenzaniso, vakadzi vanowana kusangana pabonde kakawanda kupfuura varume, uye kusangana kwavo pabonde, paavhareji, kwakaoma, kwakaoma, uye kwakasimba. Vakadzi havabviswi chishuwo chepabonde, asi mafungiro epabonde anogamuchirwa sechokwadi chesainzi.
Zvishandiso zvedzidzo, kusanganisira mabhuku ekudzidza uye maatlases emuviri anoshandiswa nevadzidzi vesainzi nevezvekurapa, zvinoita basa rakakosha mukusimudzira pfungwa dzagara dziripo. Semuenzaniso, chinyorwa cha2017 cheNetter's Atlas of Human Anatomy, chinowanzo shandiswa nevadzidzi vezvekurapa nevekiriniki, chine mifananidzo inosvika zana nemakumi masere yeruvara rweganda. Pamifananidzo iyi, mizhinji yacho yaive yevanhurume vane ganda rakajeka, miviri chete ichiratidza vanhu vane ganda "rakasviba". Izvi zvinosimudzira pfungwa yekuratidza vanhurume vachena sema prototypes emuviri wevanhu, zvichitadza kuratidza kusiyana kwemuviri wevanhu.
Vanyori vezvinyorwa zvekudzidzisa zvevana vanotevedzerawo rusaruro urwu mumabhuku esainzi, mamiziyamu, uye mabhuku ekudzidza. Semuenzaniso, kavha yebhuku rine mavara ra2016 rinonzi "The Evolution of Creatures" inoratidza kushanduka kwevanhu nenzira yakatevedzana: kubva kuzvisikwa "zvekare" zvine ganda rakasviba kusvika kumarudzi ekumadokero "akabudirira". Kudzidziswa kwacho kunopera kana vana vanoshandisa mabhuku aya vava masayendisiti, vatori venhau, vatarisiri vemamiziyamu, vezvematongerwo enyika, vanyori, kana varatidziri.
Chinhu chikuru chinoratidza rusaruraganda rwevanhu nerusaruraganda ndechekuti zvinoitwa nevanhu vasingazive kuti nyaya dzavo nesarudzo dzavo zvine rusaruro. Masayendisiti anogona kurwisa rusaruraganda rwevanhu, rusaruraganda, uye rusaruraganda rwevanhu vekuMadokero nekuva vakangwarira uye vanoshingaira mukuona nekugadzirisa zvinhu izvi mubasa ravo. Kubvumira nyaya dzisina kururama kuti dzirambe dzichipararira musainzi, mushonga, dzidzo, uye midhiya hakungogumiri pakutsigira nyaya idzi kuzvizvarwa zvinotevera, asiwo kunowedzera rusaruraganda, kudzvinyirirwa, uye hutsinye hwavakaruramisa kare.
Nguva yekutumira: Zvita-11-2024