Kutevedzera muenzaniso ndeye chinhu chakazivikanwa chedzidzo yekurapa uye chinosanganiswa nehuwandu hwezvikamu zvinobatsira kune vadzidzi vekurapa, sekusimudzira kukura kwehunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi uye pfungwa yekuita. Nekudaro, kune vadzidzi vanotaurwa mumushonga nemujaho uye madzinza (Urim), kuzivikanwa nemapiritsi ekutevedzera anogona kunge asiri iwo madzinza emadzinza sehwaro hwekuenzanisa munharaunda. Kudzidza uku kwakanangwa kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezvemhando dzekutevedzera vadzidzi vane vadzidzi vechiremba uye kukosha kwakawedzerwa kwemumiriri.
Muchidzidzo ichi chinokwana, takashandisa nzira yekufunga kuti tiongorore zviitiko zvevadzidzi vakapedza kudzidza 'nemhando dzekutevedzera mukurapa. Takaitisa kubvunzurudzwa kwakarongeka negumi Urim Alumni kuti tidzidze nezvekufunga kwavo kwemhando dzekutevedzera, avo vane mwero wavo wokutevedzera aive panguva yekukurapa, uye nei vachifunga kuti vanhu ava vaitevedzera. Inzwa pfungwa dzakatsanangurwa runyorwa rwemavhesi, kubvunzurudza mibvunzo, uye pakupedzisira makodhi ekupedzisira ezana ekutanga kutenderera.
Vatori vechikamu vakapiwa nguva yekufunga nezve izvo muenzaniso wekutevedzera uye kuti ndeapi emhando yavo. Kuvapo kwemhando dzekutevedzera kwaisazviona sezvavainge vasati vambofunga nezvazvo, uye vatori vechikamu vaiwoneka vanozeza uye kushushikana paunenge uchikurukura mumiriri wekumiririra. Pakupedzisira, vese vatori vechikamu vakasarudza vanhu vazhinji kwete munhu mumwe chete semuenzaniso. Iyi mienzaniso yemhando dzinoshanda rimwe basa rakasiyana: Mhando dzemitemo dzinobva kunze kwechikoro chekurapa, senge vabereki, vanovimbisa kuti vashande nesimba. Kune mashoma ekiriniki emhando mhando dzinoshanda zvakanyanya semhando dzehunyanzvi maitiro. Kushaikwa kwechiratidzo pakati penhengo hakusi kushaikwa kwemhando dzekutevedzera.
Tsvagiridzo iyi inotipa nzira nhatu dzekunonzwisisa mhando dzidzo muidzo yekurapa. Chekutanga, yakadzikwa mutsika. Chechipiri, sechimiro chekuziva: Vatori vechikamu vakaita zvekutevedzera, mazviri vaisave nemhando yematanhatu muenzaniso, asi panzvimbo pematare ekutevedzera seyakaomeswa kubva kuvanhu vakasiyana nevanhu vakasiyana. Yetatu, mhando dzemhando dzisingori nhungamiro chete asiwo hwekufananidzira kukosha, iyo yekupedzisira ichinyanya kukosha kune vadzidzi veUrim sezvazvinoita mukuenzanisa munharaunda.
Muviri wemudzidzi weDutch Zvikoro zvekurapa zvikoro zviri kuwedzera kuita zvetsika zvakasiyana-siyana. Pamusoro pezvo, vadzidzi veUrim havana kugona kufambira mberi mumushonga (anonzi "mushonga mushonga pombi" [5, 6] Aya maitiro haana kusarudzika kuNetherlands: Mabhuku anoshuma kuti vadzidzi veUrim vanosangana nematambudziko akafanana munezvimwe zvikamu zveEurope [7, 8], Australia neUSA.
Mabhuku anoyamwisa anodzidzisa anoratidza kupindira kwakati kuti vatsigire vadzidzi veUrim, imwe yeiyo "inoonekwa vashoma muenzaniso" [15]. Kune vadzidzi vekurapa kazhinji, kuratidzwa kwemhando dzekutevedzera kwakabatana nekuvandudzwa kwehukama hwavo hwehunyanzvi [16, 17], pfungwa yekudzidzira nderom [18, 19], nzwisiso yedzidzo yakavanzika [20], uye sarudzo yekiriniki nzira. for garai [21,22, 23,24]. Pakati pevadzidzi veUrim kunyanya, kushayikwa kwemhando dzekutevedzera dzinowanzo kutaurwa sedambudziko kana chipinganidzo kuudzidzira kubudirira [15, 23, 25, 26].
Kupiwa matambudziko anosangana nevadzidzi veUrim uye kukosha kwekutongwa kwemhando dzekukunda Mukuita, isu tinovavarira kudzidza zvakawanda nezvemhando dzekutevedzera dzevadzidzi veUrim uye kukosha kwakawedzerwa kwemumiriri ekumiririra mhando.
Kutevedzera kwemuenzaniso kunoonekwa seyakakosha zano rekudzidza mudzidzo yekurapa [27, 28, 29]. Mhando dzekutevedzera ndeimwe yezvinhu zvine simba "zvinopesvedzera [...] kuzivikanwa kwehunyanzvi hwevanachiremba" uye, saka, "hwaro hwekushamwaridzana" [16]. Ivo vanopa "sosi yekudzidza, kukurudzira, kuzvisarudzira uye kuita basa rekuzvisarudzira" [30] uye kufambisa kuwanikwa kweZivo yeTacit uye "Kufamba kubva kuPeriphery kusvika pakati penharaunda" iyo vadzidzi uye vagari vaishuvira kujoina [16] . Kana dzimba dzerudzi uye dzetsika dzakatongerwa zvetsika dzekurapa dzisingakwanisi kuwana mitambo yekuzvirapa, izvi zvinogona kutadzisa kukura kwavo kwehunyanzvi.
Zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvemhando dzekiriniki dzakatevedzera mhando dzevadzidzisi vakanaka vekiriniki, zvichireva kuti mamwe mabhokisi ari chiremba chechitarisiko, angangoita kuti ave muenzaniso wevadzidzi vekurapa [31,38,33]. Mhedzisiro yacho yave iri muviri unorondedzera kweruzivo nezvevadzidzisi vekiriniki sehunyanzvi hwemhando dzehunyanzvi hwakawanikwa kuburikidza nekuziva kuti vadzidzi vekurapa vanoziva sei mabasa avo ekutevedzera uye nei mienzaniso yakakosha.
Dzidzo yezvokurapa inoziva zvakanyatsonaka kukosha kwemitezo yemitemo mukuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi kwevadzidzi vekurapa. Kuwana nzwisiso yakadzika yezvikamu zviri pasi pemhando dzekutevedzera dzinoenderana nekusakwanisa kwekubvumirana pane tsanangudzo uye kusapindira kwekudzidza [35, uye nzira, uye mamiriro ezvinhu [31, 37, 38]. Nekudaro, zvinowanzogamuchirwa kuti zvinhu zviviri zvekufungidzira zvinhu zvekunzwisisa maitiro ekutevedzera maitiro ekudzidza munharaunda uye chiitiko chekuita [30]. Yekutanga, kudzidza kwenzanga, kwakavakirwa padzidziso dzaBandura iyo vanhu vanodzidza kuburikidza nekuona uye kuenzanisira [36]. Yechipiri, chiitiko chekubvumirana, chinoreva "kukwezva kwemunhu kune vanhu vavanoona kufanana" [30].
Mubasa rekuvandudza basa, kufambira mberi kwakakosha kwakaitwa mukurondedzera maitiro ekutevedzera muenzaniso. Donald Gibson akasiyaniswa nemhando dzekutonga kubva kune dzakanyatsoenderana uye kazhinji zvinoshanduka mazwi "maitiro ekuzvibata" uye "kufungidzira zvinangwa zvakasiyana zvakasiyana siyana kune mienzaniso uye mizano makumi matatu]. Maitiro ehunyanzvi anotungamirwa pakutarisa uye kudzidza, vamiriri vanoonekwa nekubatanidzwa uye kudyidzana, uye models vanokurudzira kuburikidza nekuzivikanwa uye kuenzanisa kwevanhu. Munyaya ino, takasarudza kushandisa (uye tambanudzira) kududzirwa kwaGibson kwemuenzaniso: inofungidzirwa kufanana nekuenzanisira izvi hunhu "[30]. Tsanangudzo iyi inoratidza kukosha kwekuzivikanwa kwenzvimbo uye nekufungidzirwa kuti kufanana, vaviri vangangoita zvipinganidzo kune vadzidzi veUrim mukutsvaga maitiro.
Vadzidzi veUrim vanogona kushushikana nedudziro: Nekuti ndevakuru boka, vane vashoma "vanhu vakaita seva ivo" pane vadzidzi vashoma, saka vanogona kunge vashoma mabasa ekutevedzera. Semhedzisiro, "vashoma vechidiki vanogona kazhinji kuve nemhando dzekutevera dzisina basa nezvezvinangwa zvavo zvebasa" [39]. Zvidzidzo zvezhinji zvinoratidza kuti Demographic zvakafanana (yakagoverwa kuzivikanwa kwenzvimbo, yakadai sedzinza) inogona kuve yakakosha kune vadzidzi veUrim kupfuura yevadzidzi vazhinji. Ukoshi hwakanyanya hwemumiriri hwemumiriri hwekumiririra. Muzhinji, vadzidzi vashoma vane imwe chete mumiriri wekutanga muenzaniso kuratidza Nepo vadzidzi vazhinji musainzi, tekinoroji, engineering, uye masvomhu vanokurudzirwa nevashoma uye vazhinji vanoita basa, vadzidzi vashoma vari panjodzi yekudzikiridzwa nemhando zhinji [42]. Kushaikwa kwekufanana pakati pevadzidzi vashoma uye vekunze-boka mafomu emhando nzira zvinoreva kuti havagone "kupa vechidiki neruzivo rwekugona kwavo senhengo dzeboka revanhu revanhu" [41].
Mubvunzo wekutsvagira wekudzidza uku nderekuti: Ndivanaani vaitevedzera vadzidzi vevadzidzi vakapedza kudzidza panguva yechikoro chekurapa? Tichatsakatisa dambudziko iri mune inotevera subtasks:
Takasarudza kuitisa chidzidzo chakakodzera kufambisa chimiro chekuongorora chechinangwa chedu chengetedzo, icho chaive chekudzidza zvakawanda nezvekuti ndiani prestion akapedza kudzidza uye nei vanhu ava vanoshanda semitezo. Pfungwa yedu inotungamira nzira [43] yekutanga inotsausa pfungwa dzinowedzera kunzwa nekuita ruzivo rwekutanga uye conceptual frameworks dzinopa mafungiro eutsva [44]. Kutevera direVaard [45], pfungwa yekunyepedzera ikaratidza runyorwa rwemavhesi, mibvunzo yekubvunzurudzwa kwechiSemi uye pakupedzisira seyakaderedzwa. Mukupesana neDoreVaard's Steal Descuctive Ongororo, takapinda chikamu chekuongorora chaicho, takapindirana nemakodhi ekuzvitsaurira neinductive data codes (ona nhamba 1.
Chidzidzo ichi chakaitwa pakati pevadzidzi vakapedza kudzidza kuYunivhesiti vekudyidzana Medical Center Utrecht (UMC Utrecht) muNetherlands. Iyo Utrecht University Inyunivhesiti Center inofungidzira iyo parizvino isingasviki makumi maviri muzana evadzidzi vekurapa ndevapi vekumadokero kubva kunobva kupi.
Isu tinotsanangudza Urim vadzidzi vakapedza kudzidza sevanopedza kudzidza kubva kumadzinza makuru evanhu vakataurwa muNetherlands. Kunyangwe kubvuma mamiriro avo akasiyana emadzinza, "madzinza ekutaura muzvikoro zvekurapa" anoramba ari dingindira raizivikanwa.
Isu takabvunzurudza alumni kwete vadzidzi nekuti alumni inogona kupa maonero ekudzokorora anovatendera kuti vafungisise nezvezvavakaitika panguva yechikoro chekurapa, uye nekuti havasisiri mukudzidziswa, vanogona kutaura vakasununguka. Isu taidawo kudzivisa kuisa zvido zvisina musoro zvakadzama pane vadzidzi veUrim kuYunivhesiti yedu maererano nekutora chikamu nezve vadzidzi veUrim. Zvakaitika zvakatidzidzisa kuti kutaura nevadzidzi veUrim kunogona kuve kwakanyanya. Naizvozvo, isu takatangira vakachengetedzeka uye zvakavanzika mumwe-pane-imwe kubvunzurudzwa uko vatori vechikamu vanogona kutaura vakasununguka pamusoro pe data rekutarisa kuburikidza nedzimwe nzira dzakadai semapoka edzimwe.
Muenzaniso wakanyatsogadzirirwa nevechirume uye vakadzi vatori vechikadzi kubva pamashoko akaiswa mumapoka makuru emadzinza muNetherlands. Panguva yekubvunzurudza, vese vatori vechikamu vakanga vapedza chikoro chekurapa pakati pe1 kusvika gumi nemashanu makore apfuura uye vaive varipo vagari kana kushanda sevanyanzvi nyanzvi yekurapa.
Uchishandisa sampull sampull sampling, munyori wekutanga akasangana neUrim alumni aive asina kumbobvira awirirana neUMC utrecht neemail, 10 wani akabvumirana kubvunzurudzwa. Kuwana vakapedza kudzidza kubva kunharaunda diki diki vanoda kutora chikamu muchidzidzo ichi kwaive kwakaoma. Vashanu vakapedza kudzidza vakati vaisada kubvunzurudzwa shoma. Munyori wekutanga akaitisa kubvunzurudzwa kweumwe neumwe kuUMC utrecht kana kune vafambi vakapedza kudzidza. Rondedzero yemasikati (ona Mufananidzo 1: Concep-Driven Kuongorora Dhizaini) yakarongedzwa kubvunzurudzwa, uchisiya imba yekutora chikamu kuti uwane mitsva mitsva uye kubvunza mibvunzo. Kubvunzurudzwa kwakatarwa paavhareji maminitsi makumi matanhatu.
Takabvunza vatori vechikamu nezvevatambi vavo pamavambo ekutanga kubvunzurudza uye nekucherekedza kuti kuvapo uye kukurukura kwemumiriri maitiro ekumiririra kwaive kusiri kuzviratidza uye kwaive kwakanyanya kutevedzera. Kuvaka rapport ("Chinhu chakakosha chekubvunzurudza" chinosanganisira "kuvimba uye kuremekedza kubvunzurudzwa uye ruzivo rwavari kugovana"). Izvi zvichabvumira kumwe kutaurirana uye kugadzira iyo yakasununguka mamiriro pakati pekubvunzurudza uye mumwe munhu tisati tamisa kune mamwe misoro inowedzera.
Mushure mekubvunzurudzwa gumi, takapedza kuunganidzwa kwedata. Chimiro chekuongorora chedzidzo ichi chinoita kuti zviome kuona iyo chaiyo nzvimbo ye data data. Nekudaro, nekuda kwechikamu kune runyorwa rwezvinyorwa, mhinduro dzinodzokorora dzakazojeka kune vanyori vanobvunzurudza pakutanga. Mushure mekukurukura kubvunzurudza kusere masere nevanyori vechitatu nevanyori vechina, vakasarudzwa kuti vaitise mikana mbiri, asi izvi hazvina kubereka chero mazano matsva. Isu takashandisa marekodhi ekuteerera kunyora zvirevo zvekubvunzurudza - marekodhi haana kudzoserwa kune vatori vechikamu.
Vatori vechikamu vakagoverwa mazita ekodhi (R1 kuenda kuR10) kuti pseudiningmize data. Zvinyorwa zvinoongororwa mumatatu matatu:
Kutanga, takaronga iyo data nenyaya yekubvunzurudzwa, yaive nyore nekuti sentiction, kubvunzurudza misoro, uye mibvunzo yekubvunzana yaive yakafanana. Izvi zvakakonzera zvikamu zvisere zvine mwero mumwe nemumwe anotora nyaya yacho pamusoro wenyaya.
Isu takabva tanyora data racho tichishandisa dedes. Data raifanira kukodzera macode anogadzwa akanzi agadziketi makodhi uye akaonekwa semavara anoonekwa nenzira yechiitiko chekutanga. Mumisangano iyi, vanyori vakakurukura zvinyorwa zvemunda uye zviitiko zvekunyora, uye zvakare zvinofungidzirwa nenyaya dzekusarudza nzira dzevanotsigira. Nekuda kweizvozvo, misoro mitatu yakabuda: Hupenyu hwemudzidzi uye kutama, kuzivikanwa kwepo, uye kushomeka kwemadzinza mukusiyana kwekurapa.
Pakupedzisira, isu takapfupisa zvikamu zvemakadhi, makotesheni akawedzerwa, uye akazvironga nezvokutanga. Mhedzisiro yacho yaive ongororo yakadzama yakatitendera kuti tiwane mapatani ekupindura mibvunzo yedu isati yasvika. Vatori vechikamu havana kupa mhinduro pane iyo ongororo mhinduro.
Isu takabvunzurudza vadzidzi gumi vanoenda kuchikoro chekurapa muNetherlands kuti vadzidze zvakawanda nezvemhando yavo yemitezo panguva yekuzvirapa. Mhedzisiro yekuongororwa kwedu yakakamurwa kuita matatu matatu
Zvinhu zvitatu zvakajairika mune tsananguro yemuenzaniso ndeiyi: maitiro ekutsvaga kufanana pakati pemunhu uye yavo mienzaniso), kuremekedza mumwe munhu), uye kutevedzera (chishuwo chekutevedzera kana kuwana humwe hunhu ). kana hunyanzvi)). Pazasi pane quote ine zvinhu zvekuyemura uye kutevedzera.
Chechipiri, takaona kuti vese vatori vechikamu vakatsanangura nyaya uye vane simba zvikamu zvekutevedzera. Izvi zvinhu zvinotsanangura kuti vanhu havana mumwe muenzaniso wakasarudzika wekutevedzera, asi vanhu vakasiyana vane maitiro akasiyana enhamba panguva dzakasiyana. Pazasi pane quote kubva kune mumwe wevatori vechikamu vanorondedzera kuti maitiro anochinja sei semunhu anokura.
Hapana kana mumwe chete akapedza kudzidza anogona kungofunga nezvemuenzaniso. Paunoongorora mhinduro kumubvunzo "Ndiani ane mienzaniso yako?", Takawana zvikonzero zvitatu nei vakanetseka nekutumidza mazita. Chikonzero chekutanga chakawanda chavo ndechekuti ivo havana kumbofunga nezvekuti ndeapi emhando yavo.
Chikonzero chechipiri chezvatori vechikamu chakanzwika ndechekuti izwi rekuti "muenzaniso" harina kufanana nemabatiro avaziva. Alumni akati wandei yakatsanangura kuti "muenzaniso" wekutevedzera zvakanyanyisa uye hazvishande kune chero munhu nekuti hapana akakwana.
"Ini ndinofunga kuti ndeye American kwazvo, zvakangofanana, 'izvi ndizvo zvandiri kuda kuve. Ini ndoda kuve bhajeti magedhi, ini ndoda kuva mabasa. .
"Ndinoyeuka kuti panguva yangu yekudyidzana pakanga paine vanhu vakati wandei vandaida kufanana, asi izvi hazvina kudaro: Vaive vatevedzeri" [r7].
Chikonzero chechitatu ndechekuti vatori vechikamu vakarondedzera kuita semumuenzaniso sechaita subconscious maitiro kwete sarudzo yekuziva kana yekuziva kuti vaigona kufungisisa.
"Ini ndinofunga kuti ndechimwe chinhu chaunobata neyakajeka. Izvo hazvina kufanana, "Uyu ndiwo muenzaniso wangu uye izvi ndizvo zvandiri kuda kuva," asi ndinofunga zvishoma nezvishoma iwe unokurudzirwa nevamwe vanhu vakabudirira. Pesvedzero ". [R3].
Vatori vechikamu vaive zvakanyanya mukana wekukurukura zvisina kunaka mienzaniso yemhando dzekutevedzera kupfuura dzekukurukura mienzaniso uye kugovera mienzaniso yevanachiremba vavaisazoda kuve.
Pashure pokunge zvimwe kuzeza, Alumni akatumidza vanhu vakati wandei vanogona kuve vatevedzeri vari muchikoro chekurapa. Isu takavamura kuita mapoka manomwe, sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo 2. Muenzaniso wevadzidzi vevadzidzi vepamberi panguva yekukurapa.
Vazhinji vevakaratidzwa mitambo yemhando vanhu vanobva kuhupenyu hweAlumni. Kusiyanisa iyi mienzaniso yemhando dzekurapa dzinobva mumhando dzekurapa, isu takapatsanura mafomu maviri: Mhando dzemitambo mukati mechikoro chekurapa hutano hwevashandi vehutano). vanhu vari muindasitiri). vabereki).
Muzviitiko zvese, mhando dzekupedza mitambo dzinoyevedza nekuti dzinoratidza zvinangwa zvevadzidzi, zvishuwo, zvishuwo uye tsika. Semuenzaniso, mumwe mudzidzi wekurapa akaisa kukosha kwakanyanya pakuwana nguva yevarwere yakaratidza chiremba sezvo iye muenzaniso wake nekuti akaona chiremba achiwana varwere vake.
Kuongororwa kwevadzidzi vevadzidzi vaipedza kudzidza kunoratidza kuti havana muenzaniso wakanaka. Panzvimbo pezvo, ivo vanobatanidza zvinhu zvevanhu vakasiyana kuti vagadzire yavo yakasarudzika, yekufungidzira-senge hunhu hwemhando. Vamwe vaAlumni vanongori zano pane izvi nokutumidza vanhu vashoma semagariro, asi vamwe vavo vanozvitsanangura zvakajeka, sezvakaratidzwa mumakotesheni pazasi.
"Ini ndinofunga pakupera kwezuva, mamope ako ekutevedzera akaita kunge munhu akasangana nevanhu vakasiyana aunosangana navo" [r8].
"Ini ndinofunga kuti munzira dzese, ndakasangana nevanhu vainditsigira, iwe wakanaka pane zvaunoita, iwe uri chiremba mukuru kana kuti iwe uri vanhu vakuru, zvoga zvave kuita kunge munhu wauri iwe kana iwe vakanaka kwazvo vakarangwa nomuviri wandakatadza zita. " [R6].
"Hazvina kufanana newe uine hurukuro huru ine zita rausingazombokanganwa, zvinoita sekunge iwe unoona wakawanda vanachiremba uye gadzira imwe mhando yeiyo general muenzaniso wega wega." [R3]
Vatori vechikamu vakaziva kukosha kwekufanana pakati pavo uye nemhando dzadzo. Pazasi muenzaniso wemumwe mutambi wakatenderana kuti imwe nhanho yekufanana iine chakakosha chikamu chekutevedzera.
Takawana mienzaniso yakati wandei yakawanikwa neAlumni inobatsira, yakadai seyakafanana muhurume, hupenyu hwehupenyu, uye zvinangwa uye zvinangwa uye hunhu.
"Haufanire kunge uri mumuviri wakafanana nemuenzaniso wako wekutevedzera, asi iwe unofanirwa kuve neunhu akafanana" [R2].
"Ndinofunga zvakakosha kuti uve murume mumwe chete sezvo mabasa ako ekuteerera-vakadzi anondikanganisa kupfuura varume" [R10].
Vanopedza kudzidza havatariri dzinza rakajairika sechimiro chakafanana. Paakabvunzwa nezve zvakanakira zvakawedzerwa zvekugovera dzinza rakajairika, vatori vechikamu vaisazeza nekubuda. Ivo vanosimbisa kuti kuzivikanwa uye kusaenzaniswa kwenzanga kune zvakanyanya kukosha kwenheyo pane dzinza rakagovana.
"Ndinofunga padanho repasirese rinobatsira kana iwe uine mumwe munhu ane mamwe mamiriro akafanana: 'sekukwezva senge.' Kana iwe uine zvakafanana chiitiko, iwe une zvakawanda zvakafanana uye iwe ungangove wakakura. tora izwi remumwe munhu kuti itore kana kuva vanonyanya kufarira. Asi ini ndinofunga hazvina basa, ndezvipi zvakakosha ndizvo zvaunoda kuzadzisa muhupenyu "[c3].
Vamwe vatori vechikamu vakarondedzera kukosha kwakawedzerwa kwekuve nemuenzaniso wetsika dzakafanana navo se "kuratidza kuti zvinokwanisika" kana "kupa chivimbo":
"Zvinhu zvingave zvakasiyana dai vaive nyika isiri yekuMadokero tichienzanisa nenyika dzekumadokero, nekuti zvinoratidza kuti zvinogoneka." [R10]
Kutumira Nguva: Nov-03-2023